The Industrial Revolution - 943 Words

The Industrial Revolution, a Revolution that began in Britain in the nineteenth century, saw people move from working in the farming industry to working in factories. This transition from an agrarian society meant that many people moved to cities in search of jobs. New methods of manufacturing allowed goods to be produced far more cheaply and quickly than before. However, the Revolution came with its own negative consequences. The lives of children during the Industrial Revolution were torturous and many injustices resulted. Children were used to serve the demands of the growing society but their needs were disregarded. Despite some reforms during the 1800s, the atrocious working and living conditions in towns ensured that children were definitely victims not beneficiaries of the Industrial Revolution. Children suffered enormously as a result of the poor working life of in the Industrial Revolution. By 1788, over two-thirds of workers in textile factories were children. Some factories employed children as young as the age of five or six. Other factories forced children to work as long as 16 hours a day. Children worked in gas works, nail factories, construction sites, shipyards and as chimney sweeps. The use of child labour in factories raised many social problems. Families, trapped by poverty, were forced to send their children to work in poor conditions for equally poor pay. Most children worked in cotton mills. Although children were accommodated, fed and dressed,Show MoreRelatedIndustrial Of The Industrial Revolution1666 Words   |  7 PagesMartinez English IV, 1st hour 4/29/16 The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution set people away from farms and small villages and moved them to cities and towns because of the job opportunities that arose in the cities. The Industrial Revolution not only helped people move along in the late 1700s and early 1800s but also it has made the people what they are today. During the Industrial Revolution, the movement from an agrarian society to an industrial one reshaped the roles of families, widenRead MoreThe Revolution Of The Industrial Revolution917 Words   |  4 PagesWhen thinking of the industrial revolution, I usually correlate this transitional period to great advancements in machinery, and an increase in jobs. However, after looking past the surface of the industrial revolution, in regards to the promise of great wealth, this promise was not kept, along with other issues. I believe that a â€Å"better life† would mean that people would not have to go through the same struggles they once did before the revolution, struggles such as not having a job, money, homeRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution1633 Words   |  7 Pagesmeans of communication, factories to manufacture the products you need, places to work, and ways to travel and transport goods. And what made these possible? The answer is the Industrial Revolution, which started in Europe around the year 1730. A revolution is a major change or turning point in something. The Industrial Revolution was a major turning point in history and in the way people lived. Their careers, living situations, location, values, and daily routines all changed, and they needed it desperatelyRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution1097 Words   |  5 PagesBefore the advent of the Industrial Revolution, most people resided in small, rural communities where their daily existences revolved around farming. Life for the average person was difficult, as incomes were meager, and malnourishment and disease were common. People produced the bulk of their own food, clothing, furniture and tools. Most manufacturing was done in homes or small, rural shops, using hand tools or simple machines. Did You Know? The word luddite refers to a person who is opposedRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution1090 Words   |  5 PagesShort Term Misery†¦ Long Term Gain There are two major industrializations that have occurred through out history, both which began in England. The Industrial Revolution was from 1750 until 1800. The first and second industrialization were filled with many inventions, new societal ideas, new raw materials, new sources of power, also new ideas and societal implements were made enabling the world and society to evolve. Overall these industrialization was filled with death, neglect, and disease but endedRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution936 Words   |  4 Pageseconomist Robert Emerson Lucas wrote in regards to the Industrial revolution: For the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth. The novelty of the discovery that a human society has this potential for generating sustained improvement in the material aspects of the lives of all its members, not just the ruling elite, cannot be overstressed.† (Lucas 2002). The revolution itself was ce ntred in Britain before spreading to theRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution705 Words   |  3 PagesThe Industrial Revolution was the quintessence of capitalistic ideals; it bred controversy that led to Karl Marx’s idea of communism as a massive grass roots reaction to the revolution’s social abuses. Firstly, the Industrial Revolution featured the construction of machines, systems and factories that allowed goods to be manufactured at a faster rate with a lower cost. The seed drill made it so there could be â€Å"a semi-automated, controlled distribution and plantation of wheat seed†(Jones 2013). SecondlyRead MoreIndustrial Revolution1160 Words   |  5 Pagesend of the 19th century, a significant change took place in the fundamental structure of the economy. That change was industrialization. During this time period, the United States of America changed from a large, agricultural country, to an urban industrial society. The process of industrialization began to take place in America, and eventually took over the economy during this period. Entrepreneurs and inventors put together various machines and businesses to help better the country function on aRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution Essay2099 Words   |  9 PagesThe Industrial Revolution was one of the largest social and cultural movements that changed the methods of manufacturing of metal and textiles, the transportation system, economic policies and social structure as well. Before the Industrial Revolution, people used to live by season due to agriculture. They thrived on whatever food was in season. Now, as a result of the Industrial Revolution, we live regimented and almost everything that is made, is mass produced. I will discuss three major topicsRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution2418 Words   |  10 PagesThe Industrial Revolution became a defining transitional period in United States history. The Industrial Revolution created opportunities for society through, employment, higher pay and allowed for the meeting of many cultures. As a result of high employment opportunities, people flocked to the North and populated areas of the nation creating urban cities. Urban cities of the nation have not changed much since the Industrial Revolution; people are still drawn to the urban culture because of the variety

Essay about Professional Goals - 873 Words

June 21, 2010 INTE 499 Midterm After college and graduate school I plan to be a Marriage and Family therapist or a child psychologist. Not only do both require an excellent ability to communicate; both also require a reasonable knowledge and understanding of children. That is why this summer I decided to work/intern in a child-care facility. I believed it would give me an opportunity to expand my knowledge on children. For one, it would I get to interact with them on a one-on-one basis and group basis. Everyday or every week I would be able to see how they are developing; how they are progressing in life. It would also give me another opportunity to learn how to more effectively communicate with people, especially those of a younger†¦show more content†¦Although I have taken quite a few psychology courses and I’ve taken Intro to Communications, I do believe working in a daycare allows a more hands on learning experience for both topics. Previous courses such as Developmental psychology and Infant and Child Development have given me an idea of what the developmental stages of different age groups are but working allows me to see it face-to-face. A book can give the â€Å"average† timing a child is able to do a task however real life shows you that each child develops at a different pace however all task to happen in just about the same order. So far this summer I’ve learned that by 12 months children are beginning to understand cause and effect as well as being able to pull themselves to a standing position on a fixed object. This helps some children begin to walk. I’ve also learned that by 2 years they are able to match certain objects with one another as well as begin the road of potty training. Intro to Communications has taught me important keys to remember when communicating. The first is learning to listen and the second is learning how to notice on non-verbal communication. This is essential for children who lack their verbal skills. Another thing I’ve learned from the class is using positive language and I-language rather than negative language and you-language. This just means that instead of saying â€Å"No, don’t throw your food† I would try saying, â€Å"Our foodShow MoreRelatedGoals Of Professional Socialization785 Words   |  4 PagesProfessional socialization has four goals: (1) to learn the technology of the profession- the facts, skills, and theory, (2) to learn to internalize the professional culture, (3) to find a personally and professionally acceptable version of the role, and (4) to integrate this professional role into all of the other life roles (Masters, p. 174). In the first goal, it is our duty to stay in touch with advancing technology. This advancement allows more efficient and precise diagnostics. We are learningRead MorePersonal and Professional Goals1193 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal and Professional Goals Andreea Pop University Of Phoenix HCS/301 February 07, 2011 Personal and Professional Goals Over the last couple of years I have been contemplating over the direction of my life, and finally decided it is time to assume more control over it. That is way I decided to return to school in order to earn my BSN. This paper will address the decisionsRead MoreSetting And For Achieving Professional Goals1297 Words   |  6 PagesAchieving Professional Goals Goals According to Nelson, â€Å"Goal setting is the process of establishing desired results that guide and direct behavior† (Nelson, 2013, p. 204). Goals contribute in the development of the sense of purpose and mission that is an integral aspect in being a success in the professional world. Priorities, determination and objectives are significant foundations for motivation of employees which can lead to collective accomplishment even in trying times. While these goals can haveRead MoreAcademic and Professional Goals Essays932 Words   |  4 PagesAcademic and Professional Goals Walden’s Vision and Mission According to Walden’s University the mission statement states: â€Å"Walden University provides a diverse community of career professionals with the opportunity to transform themselves as scholar-practitioners so that they can effect positive social change†. (Laureate, 2013) According to Walden’s University the vision statement states: â€Å"Walden University envisions a distinctively different 21st-centuryRead MoreEssay Professional and Personal Goals2159 Words   |  9 Pagestechnologies, staying on top of all these changes in addition to running a business could be challenging. Goals Mission Statement: Live creatively, positively, and as a leader. Being a dedicated decision-maker in business, a helping-hand personally and a confident role-model in my community, setting the example that I would be proud if others wanted to follow. Long-term goals Professional Goal Start my own web consulting firm by 2020, which provides services for all types of businesses, butRead MorePersonal And Professional Goals : Btec Point Average1667 Words   |  7 PagesPersonal and Professional Goals Three-year Goal 1 (Professional): To maintain my place in the Psychology Honours stream with a 5.5 Grade Point Average (GPA) for Level 2 and Level 3 psychology courses plus BEHL 2005 Introductory Research Methods; and an overall GPA of 5 at the end of 2018 (University of South Australia, 2016). This will enable me entry into the Psychology Honours Program in 2019. 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According to (Starzee, 2012) a professional career goal statement allows the candidate an opportunity to provide the employer a synopsis of the value they intend to bring to the organization. Below is a professional goal statement for a Client Relationship Professional: Engaging Client Relations Manager adept at evolving complexRead MorePersonal and Professional Goals.1305 Words   |  6 PagesPERSONAL GOALS AMINA BHAIDANI HCS/301 SEPTEMBER 14,2011 DR HAROLD VAN ALSTYNE PERSONAL GOALS Goal - The terminal point of race. The end toward which effort is directed. AIM. The score resulting from such an act (Webster 1972 ). Personal - Of related to. Belonging to a person ,private , directed to a single person . (Webster 1972 ) therefore personal goal to my understanding is aim of a person himself or herself. Aim of the person. My personal goal I would like to divide intoRead MorePersonal Goals : My Professional Goals1159 Words   |  5 Pages1. A summary of my professional personal goals as well as your motivation for pursuing a degree: My professional goals were never clear until this last year when I started my job with Marion Construction Company as an office manager. I truly feel I have found a career path that I was meant to be in and I want to be the best at it and that is why I feel that getting my masters is so important. I would love to be an HR manager or HR educator in the future and by having my masters in HR that will

Dulce et Decorum Est and Disabled Essay Example For Students

Dulce et Decorum Est and Disabled Essay Both Dulce et Decorum Est and Disabled are poems seemingly intended to allow the reader to perceive the harsh realities of war without themselves becoming corrupted by the evils of warfare. Neither poem attempts to glorify the event of war in the twentieth century, yet both provide such disturbing insights into war that certain comments made in the poems seem to detract from the horrific nature of death and destruction, merely for something each opposing nation believes in. Dulce et Decorum Est is considerably shorter than Disabled, and so I feel that it endeavours to provide the reader with a wealth of vivid images intended to shock. Although not exactly action-packed, due to its length, more must happen in order to drive the message home- the message being that it is not right and proper to die for your country. Disabled, however, is longer, and can therefore rely on not having to include the shock tactics employed in Dulce et Decorum Est. This poem builds up the subtle differences between the soldiers life before and after the war. It uses its extra length to slowly build up pity for the disabled soldier-there is a direct contrast and similarity here between the two poems. Both predominant subject matters fall foul of the rigours of war, yet in Dulce et Decorum Est the subject dies, whilst in Disabled the focus is placed on the effect that the soldiers disability has had on his life, both psychologically as well as physically. Disabled seems to draw out each expression in order to achieve maximum possible sympathy for the victim: He sat in a wheeled chair, waiting for dark, This simple lengthening of words suffices to lengthen the period of time for which the reader feels sympathetic towards the crippled soldier. One interesting way in which both the poems are written is the reaction of both soldiers involved in the case of Dulce et Decorum Est the reaction of both the gassed and protected soldier. In Disabled the soldier offers almost a lackadaisical reasoning towards the loss of his legs, as if he expected it at some point during his time at the front line: In the old times, before he threw away his knees The soldier in question adopts an extremely reflective stance on his disability, as if speaking from the voice of experience. The soldier in Dulce et Decorum Est offers no clue as to length of time he has been fighting in the front line, but appears to be shocked and panicky towards the death of a comrade: In all my dreams before my helpless sight He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning The soldier here provides an insight into what his life was like in the trenches- he could close his eyes to avoid sickening visions, yet they return to haunt him in his sleep, when he cannot help but relive his nightmares-hence the reference to helpless sight-he cannot simply close  his eyes in a dream. Yet even if no reference is made to the period of time spent at the front, it is obvious that both poems use the uniqueness of experience to dissuade the reader from joining the war. Dulce et Decorum Est uses imagery to suggest that the soldiers have experienced great atrocities: Till on the haunting flares we turn our backs This suggests that during the period of time they have spent at the front, even a innocuous sending off of a flare haunts their every move. The very word haunts suggests something of dead spirits present on the battlefield. .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700 , .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700 .postImageUrl , .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700 , .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700:hover , .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700:visited , .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700:active { border:0!important; } .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700:active , .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700 .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Poetic Facts Of Life EssayDisabled gives the impression of experience through the line: Esprit de corps; and hints for young recruits Both poems then use this experience to reveal the horror to which they have been subjected, but in different ways. Dulce et Decorum Est is set on the battlefield, and seeks to place you at the scene of the choking man in order for you to comprehend what this man was forced to experience for his country, whilst Disabled contemplates on his life after his horrific injuries sustained whilst fighting for his country. Yet that particular quotation also lends one to notice another point which both poems acknowledge- the incredibly young age at which young people voluntarily subscribed to the army. Indeed, both poems offer something of a hypothesis as to why these young men are signing up. Dulce et Decorum Est was first used by Horace- the full line Dulce et Decorum est pro patria mori, roughly translating as how sweet and fitting it is to die for ones country is followed by a line also roughly translated as death pursues the man who runs away. In essence, it is offering each young man the more valiant death by dying for ones own country rather than by any other way. Owen believes that many soldiers are only subscribed for want of desperate glory. In Disabled the maimed recruit subscribed only to please the giddy jilts- this is hardly a reason worthy of the horrific injuries which have scarred the rest of his existence. Both reasons cited by the soldiers are egotistical- personal glory and Owen use s the attempt by the hierarchy of persuading boys of tender age to war by turning the title phrase around in the final stanza of Dulce et Decorum Est: The old Lie: Dulce et decorum est Pro patria mori. The inclusion of the word old implies in my opinion that it is the age-old lies of the war Generals that Owen feels is corrupting tomorrows youth. He attempts to drag the aspects of war so seemingly appealing to the mass of Britains youth through the mud of the battlefield where so many of his comrades have already lost their lives. This derogatory vision of warfare is illustrated in both poems- one could say that both soldiers have been dehumanised as a result of  their experiences upon the battlefield: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ before he threw away his knees This unperturbed approach to the horror of warfare is intended to shock the reader-how can anyone talk in such languid tones about such a disabling event? Owen conveys dangerous messages, in order to show exactly what has become of the men whose boyish appeal for joining the army turned against them. Dulce implies sweet, yet by the end of the poem the reader can see that warfare is anything but sweet. Irony is also used in Disabled- he who has joined up to impress the girls with his masculine kilted legs no longer possesses any legs, and because he joined whilst intoxicated, the control he didnt not possess then over his limbs is permanent, rather than the temporary Both poems employ similar and different techniques, yet in my opinion it is the differences that struck me the most. Both poems dissuaded me from the warfare, but by vastly different methods. The short, stark images presented to me in Dulce et Decorum Est really puts the reader in the middle of the action, building up each vision with alarming clarity, until the final realisation of the true meaning of the title of the poem is revealed. Disableds reflective rhyming verse seemed to reveal more about the personal and mental torture the average soldier was subjected to during his time at the front.

The Change of the US National Security Strategy

During the last fifteen years the National Security Strategy of the United States has undergone several changes. This includes the relationships with foreign governments in terms of economic cooperation, the struggle against terrorism, protection of the environment, eradication of poverty and other important problems.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Change of the US National Security Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Secondly, we need to discuss internal policies, pursued by the state. In this paper, we need to compare the policies of the Obama administration with those ones of Bill Clinton and George Bush. When the Bill Clinton came to power, he faced the task of developing new security policies in the post-Cold War world. The president immediately placed emphasis on international cooperation not only with Western democracies but also with China, Russia and India1. In addition to that, he tried to av oid the use of military force. He was an opponent of pre-emptive wars and military intervention into the affairs of foreign countries2. It should be borne in mind that the Clinton administration was often criticized for such lack of initiative, for instance, in connection with Rwanda genocide. Overall, the Clinton administration relied more on persuasion and negotiation, rather than coercion and militarized diplomacy. In turn, the Bush administration adopted a new form of National Security Strategy. To a large extent, it was shaped by 9/11 terrorists attacks. This new doctrine was based on preventive war and economic sanctions against those countries, which act against the US security interests. Furthermore, the Bush administration took a more conservative approach to relationships with Russia and other countries of former USSR. Finally, we need to say that the Bush Doctrine attached importance to intensified domestic security, namely we should mention the signing of the PATRIOT Act . This National Security Strategy evinced much criticism inside and outside the country. The Obama administration has rejected the approach taken by their predecessors. In her speech at the Brookings Institution the US Secretary of the State Hillary Clinton pointed out no country can cope with global challenges on its own3 and this premise must be the corner stone of the US Security Strategy.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The President Obama believes that more intensive cooperation with China, Russia, and India is not only necessary but beneficial for the United States. This cooperation has to take place at different levels, for example, governmental, entrepreneurial, and educational. The new security strategy rejects the idea of militarized diplomacy. The use military force must the last resort. At the moment, we can speak about several institutional changes, entailed by the new p olicy. First, it sets stress on information-sharing among the intelligence agencies of various countries especially if these countries fight against global terrorism. The thing is that several years ago, intelligence services of various countries seldom cooperated with one another on an international level, even despite the fact that it could minimize many terrorist threats4. Another institutional change is the restructuring of NATO. In her speech, Hillary Clinton argues that NATO as an organization is far too bureaucratic and expensive and its structure has to be simplified. Overall, the new National Security Strategy implies that the United States should occupy a pivotal role in international politics. Yet, this role should be that one of a mediator rather than a commander. Reference List Clinton Hillary. 2010 â€Å"Secretary Clinton Addresses U.S. National Security Strategy  at the Brookings Institution†. Lowenthal, Mark. 2008 Intelligence From Secrets To Policy Fourth E dition. NY: CQ  Press.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Change of the US National Security Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Murdock, Clark. 2004 Improving the practice of national security strategy: a new  approach for the post-Cold War world. New York: CSIS. Sarkesian Sam, Williams John Cimbala Stephen. 2008 US national security:  policymakers, processes, and politics. NY: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Footnotes 1 Sarkesian Sam, Williams John Cimbala Stephen. US national security: policymakers, processes, and politics. P 68 2 Murdock, Clark. Improving the practice of national security strategy: a new approach for the post-Cold War world, p 61 3 Clinton Hillary. 2010 â€Å"Secretary Clinton Addresses U.S. National Security Strategy at the Brookings Institution†. 4 Lowenthal, Mark. 2008 Intelligence From Secrets To Policy Fourth Edition This essay on The Change of the US National Security Strategy was written and submitted by user Damarion U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

IP and OSI Networking Essays

TCP/IP and OSI Networking Essays TCP/IP and OSI Networking Essay TCP/IP and OSI Networking Essay In this essay I intend to analyse why networking software is divided into layers, and to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of such a division. I will then go on to analyse what the main differences between the networking protocols known as OSI and TCP/IP are. I will also attempt to analyse what factors led to their successes and failures respectively in terms of their diffusion into the technology sector. However, before we can discuss this, we must first be sure that we are aware of the meanings of terms such as networks, network architecture, protocols, and distributed networks/systems so I will begin by defining these phrases. Essentially, a network is the connection of two or more computers for the purpose of data communication and resource sharing. the formal definition of a network could be given as a number of interconnected devices capable of communicating and sharing each others resources (Bandyo-padhyway, 2000:157) As can be seen from the above quote, networking offers organisations a wealth of benefits. A network enables an organization to centralize its computer system and allows users to access the facilities of a large computer system via desktop computers. (Bandyo-padhyway, 2000:157) It could be said that network architecture is, in theory, a model for the set-up of a network. To help deal with this complexity, network designers have developed general blueprints usually called a network architecture that guide the design and implementation of networks. (Peterson Davie, 1996:29) Protocols, in the networking sense, could be considered as sets of rules or procedures that control how a message is sent from sender to receiver and all the factors involved in this process. A protocol is a set of rules or conventions which govern the way a message is transmitted from the sender to the receiver passing through a number of steps and via a number of network elements. (Bandyo-padhyway, 2000:178) Finally, a distributed network/system is where the tasks to be to be performed are distributed among a number of small PCs that are coordinated by a larger central computer. (Bandyo-padhyway, 2000:173) Having defined the aforementioned basic technological terms, I can now go on to my analysis of the reasons why networking software is divided into layers. The primary reason is that having separate distinctive layers reduces design complexity. By this, I mean having different layers means certain operations and tasks that must be carried out, can be carried out in a simple and organised order, rather than all at the same time. First, it decomposes the problem of building a network into more manageable components. (Peterson Davie, 1996:30) Layering allows for changes to be made at a specific layer, as a result of new ideas/innovation, and will not disrupt the software at other levels. Second, it provides a more modular design. If you decide that you want to add some new service, you may only need to modify the functionality at one layer, re-using the functions provided at all the other layers. (Peterson Davie, 1996:30) This means that it accommodates incremental changes more readily. (www. cs. wpi. edu/~rek/Undergrad_Nets/B03/HTTP_DNS. pdf) Another advantage of layering is that details of how the lower level services are implemented are shielded from the higher levels, allowing the higher levels to function more efficiently. This can be seen, from a more technological point of view, in the following quote. Many times there are multiple abstractions provided at any given level of the system, each providing a different service to the higher layers but building on the same low-level abstractions. (Peterson Davie, 1996:30) A final advantage of layering is that as a result of the different types of layers, making it so different types of translations can take place; different types of hardware are enabled to communicate. Having looked at the advantages of layering, I will now spend some time discussing its disadvantages. Some functions (like FDDI station management) really need to access and operate at multiple layers. (courses. cs. vt. edu/~cs5516/spring03/ slides/introduction_6. pdf) As the above quote displays, one disadvantage is since the software is split up into layers, functions will operate at one level at a time, where as some functions have the necessity to operate at several layers. Poorly conceived layers can lead to awkward and complex interfaces. (courses. cs. vt. edu/~cs5516/spring03/ slides/introduction_6. pdf) This quote shows us that unless a large amount of thought and work goes into each individual layer, then a very bad and hard-to-use interface can be the end-result. Another disadvantage is if new design for a layer is done, an old layer may become inappropriate or unsuitable given the properties of the new layer. (courses. cs. vt. edu/~cs5516/spring03/ slides/introduction_6. pdf) A final disadvantage of layering is something known as information hiding, this may take place and this can lead to inefficient implementations. (www-inst. eecs. berkeley. edu/~cs268/ sp03/notes/Lecture2. pdf) I have discussed why networking software is divided into layers as well as evaluating both the advantages and disadvantages of layering. I now intend to introduce the first of the aforementioned protocols Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), before then introducing the second. A number of different types of distributed systems were being developed in the 1970s and as a result, a range of standards had to be introduced. (Halsall, 1996:11) An organisation called the International Standards Organizaton (ISO) created the ISO Reference Model for OSI. The ISO was a body founded in 1945 to coordinate international standards for a wide range of industries. (The Internet in the Arena of International Standards) Below is a diagram of the OSI protocol, taken from Peterson and Davie. As can be seen, the OSI protocol has seven layers. The application layer provides the user interface to a range of networkwide distributed information services. The presentation layer is associated with the representation of data during transfer between two communicating application processes. The session layers job is to set up a communication channel between two communicating application layer protocol entities during a network transaction. The network layer is responsible for establishing a networkwide connection between two transport layer protocol entities. The link layers job is to build on the physical connection provided by the network to provide the network layer with a reliable information transfer facility. Finally, the physical layer is associated with the physical and electrical interfaces between the user equipment and the network terminating equipment. (Halsall, 1996:16, 17, 18) I will now introduce the second networking protocol so that we have a good understanding of them both, before analysing their differences. The second protocol is called Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). TCP/IP was developed by the US Department of Defence (DOD) research project to connect a number of different networks designed by different vendors into a network of networks. (www. yale. edu/pclt/COMM/TCPIP. HTM) The idea behind the DODs thinking was that in the Cold War, if the right designated place was bombed successfully, then the whole countries network communication facilities would become inoperable. This was obviously be a bad thing and so the DOD wanted to develop a standard that would connect all the networks together to prevent this from happening. Below is the model of the TCP/IP protocol, taken from (www-staff. t. uts. edu. au/~sean/DSP. dir/dsp00s. dir/lect1. dir/sld014. htm) As can be seen, the TCP/IP protocol has only four layers. The application layer handles high level protocols. The transport layer deals with quality-of-service issues. The internet layer determines the path to forward packets of data. The network layer is concerned with all of the issues that an IP packet requires to make a physical link. (www-staff. it. uts. edu. au/~sean/DSP. dir/dsp00s. dir/lect1. dir/sld014. htm) Now that I have briefly introduced both of the protocols, I will now move on to my analysis of their main differences. A difference between the two protocols in terms of their establishers is that OSI was orally established by Telcos, a telecommunications company and had a large connected emphasis linked to it. TCP/IP came more from a computing background with a large connectionless emphasis associated with it. Another difference that should be noted is that the two models have opposing approaches. The OSI model has a top-down approach meaning the processes that take place within the layers start at the top of the model and work their way down to the bottom. The TCP/IP model has a bottom-up approach meaning the processes taking place within the layers begin at the bottom of the model and move upwards. As can be seen from the models, the visible difference is the number of layers present within each. The OSI protocol has application, presentation, session, transport, network, data link, and physical layers. Where as the TCP/IP protocol has only application, transport, internet and network layers. Even though some of the layers have different names, they essentially do the same thing. However, the presentation and session layers that are in the OSI model are not present in the TCP/IP model. This makes the two protocols technologically different. First there were the technical differences, chief among them that OSI had a more complicated and compartmentalised design. (Lyon Hafner, 2003:246) The above quote points out how the OSI design was considered to be very large and complex where as the TCP/IP design was far more simplistic and smaller. On the OSI side stood an entrenched bureaucracy, with a strong we-know best attitude, patronizing and occasionally contemptuous. There was a certain attitude among certain parts of the OSI community whose message was, Time to toll up your toy academic network,' recalled one ardent TCP/IP devotee (Lyon Hafner, 2003:247) We can see from the above quote that OSI was regarded as a potential official standard with a considerable amount of bureaucratic support, as opposed to TCP/IP, which was seen by some as a toy network for the academic world only, and would never have any real chance of becoming an official standard networking protocol. The reason being was that the OSI was created by the ISO, and the ISO had long been responsible for creating international standards for a variety of industries, as the following quote displays. Since the 1940s, ISO had specified worldwide standards for things ranging from wine-tasting glasses to credit cards to photographic film to computers. (Lyon Hafner, 2003:246) As a result of this official standardization reputation that ISO had created for themselves, OSI was backed by several governments, led by Europe, and was thought to be meeting the needs of the whole world. Another difference between TCP/IP and OSI, was that TCP/IP had actually been implemented where as the only thing OSI had to offer was the design model for the protocol, as the following quote shows. And it was a design, never tried. As far as the Internet crowd was concerned, they had actually implemented TCP/IP several times over, whereas the OSI model had never been put to the test of daily use, and trial and error. (Lyon Hafner, 2003:247) An extremely large difference between the two protocols is in relation to their impacts on the networking world respectively. OSI failed to become to the official international networking standard that it was predicted to be. TCP/IP, contrary to what many had anticipated, was a huge success within the networking protocol world and is used across the world today. However, one must ask, what factors led to this outcome? One factor was that one key TCP/IP developer, Bill Joy, decided that TCP/IP when bought was to come with free networking software, which was based on Unix. As can be imagined, the fact that one received free Unix networking software when buying TCP/IP with no extra charge dramatically helped push TCP/IP further than OSI. The first Sun machines were shipped with the Berkeley version of Unix, complete with TCP/IP. Berkeley Unix with TCP/IP would be crucial to the growth of the Internet. When Sun included network software as part of every machine it sold and didnt charge separately for it, networking exploded. (Lyon Hafner, 2003:250) To clarify, Sun was the name of the computer company that Joy joined as the Unix expert. Another factor that led to TCP/IPs success was the fact that ARPANET decided to switch over to it on January 1, 1983. ARPANET was the resulting internetwork developed when computer networks associated with a large number of universities and other research establishments were linked and it was in large usage. (Halsall, 1996:19) As a result, TCP/IP was pushed even further ahead when ARPANET switched its protocols from Network Control Protocol to TCP/IP as this meant only machines running the new protocols could communicate over the network. Lyon Hafner, 2003:248) Dennis Jennings tells us of a factor that largely contributed to the failure of OSI when it was announced by the manager of a company called ICL at a review meeting that the output of the OSI research would not be in the interests of ICL. The Commission then told ICL that they could do what ever they like. This meant that where would be no available implementation opportunities for OSI once the research had been completed, and Jennings feels that this made it so that OSI had absolutely no chance of success. So what ever the merits of having a set of open OSI protocols, it was a serious attempt to provide an available solution, and the Commission allowed the project to throw it away. OSI died at that meeting. Without available implementations, it had no hope. (Randall, 1997:218) Another thing worth saying is that because the Internet boomed and became increasingly popular, and TCP/IPs design had a layer devoted to the Internet, TCP/IPs popularity was again increased further as a result of the Internets rapid growth. One could argue that OSI, being a protocol that did not include a layer for the Internet in its design, was over-run by the Internets growth. A final factor I would like to mention is the belief that a main reason OSI was not a success was because it got too preoccupied with the standards process and attempting to approve too many that it became caught up with them. It is seen by some that this caused it to fail as it distracted OSI from the one single standard that it was supposed to produce, the following quote shows this. But ISOs plan to make the OSI protocols a single standard for all computer users was defeated by ISOs own practice of approving multiple standards. (International Standards). To conclude, the concept of layering within networking software is in usage as it provides many advantages in terms of the softwares performance itself. Although, it does also pose some disadvantages, I feel they are small in number are not strong enough to outweigh the advantages. My analysis of the two networking protocols, OSI and TCP/IP, shows their main differences in terms of technical as well as social factors. I have also discussed the two differing impacts the protocols had in the world of networking and have attempted to explain why by looking at important factors associated with their diffusions. From my analysis, one can see that OSI was mostly a failure, as opposed to TCP/IP which won the protocols war and is in large international usage today.

Scott Kelly, Astronaut Who Spent a Year in Space

Scott Kelly, Astronaut Who Spent a Year in Space On March 2017, Scott Kelly, astronaut, blasted off to the International Space Station (ISS) on his fourth flight to orbit. He spent a year aboard, racking up a record total of 520 days in space over his career. It was both a scientific and personal achievement, and his time on orbit continues to help scientists understand the effects of microgravity on the human body. Fast Facts: Scott Kelly Born: February 21, 1964 in Orange, New JerseyParents: John and Patricia KellySpouses: Leslie Yandell (m. 1992-2009) and Amiko Kauderer (July 2018-present)Children: Charlotte and Samantha (with Yandell)Education: United States Merchant Marine Academy, University of Tennessee (MS)Published Works: Endurance: A Year in Space, My Journey to the Stars, and Infinite Wonder: An Astronauts Photographs From a Year in SpaceAccomplishments: Spent a year in space as part of the Twins Study of long-term effects of microgravity on humans Early Life Astronaut Scott Joseph Kelly and his identical twin brother Mark (who also served as an astronaut) were born on February 21, 1964, to Patricia and Richard Kelly. Their father was a police officer in Orange, New Jersey. The twins went to school at nearby Mountain High, graduating in 1982. During high school, Scott trained and worked as an emergency medical technician. From there, Scott went to college at the University of Maryland in Baltimore. In his memoir Endurance: My Year in Space, a Lifetime of Discovery, Kelly wrote that his early college years were difficult, and he lacked direction in his studies. By his own admission, his high school grades were bad and his SAT test scores werent impressive. He wasnt sure what to do with himself. Then, he picked up a copy of Tom Wolfes The Right Stuff and the words he read impressed him deeply. I felt like I had found my calling, he wrote about that time in his life. I wanted to be a naval aviator...The Right Stuff had given me the outline of a life plan. To pursue that plan, Scott transferred to the New York Maritime Academy, where his twin brother Mark was already attending college. He graduated in 1987 with a degree in electrical engineering and went on to earn a masters degree in Aviation Systems from the University of Tennessee. As a commissioned officer in the U.S. Navy, Kelly attended flight school in Pensacola, Florida, and later flew jets at various duty stations. In 1993, he attended Naval Test Pilot School at Patuxent in Virginia, and over the course of his career amassed more than 8,000 hours of flying time in dozens of different aircraft in both land and carrier landings. Astronauts Scott Kelly (right) and Mark Kelly (left) in an interview about their work with the Twins Study and as astronauts. NASA   NASA and Dreams of Flight for Astronaut Kelly Scott Kelly and his brother Mark both applied to become astronauts and were accepted in 1996. Scott was trained in caution and warning systems for the ISS. His first flight was aboard space shuttle Discovery on STS 103, a Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission. His next assignment took him to Star City, Russia, where he served as Director of Operations there for joint Russian-American flights. He also served as backup for crew members on several ISS missions. Due to the Columbia accident in 2002 (for which he flew search and recovery operations), flights were postponed until NASA could investigate the causes of the tragedy. Scott next worked as the Astronaut Office Space Station Branch Chief in Houston before doing a stint on the NEEMO 4 mission. That underwater training laboratory in Florida was developed to study the similarities between living in space and underwater for long periods of time in enclosed quarters under simulated space conditions. Kellys next two flights were to the International Space Station for STS-118, and Expeditions 25 and 26, where he worked for several months. He participated in installing instruments for the station, as well as a variety of science experiments. Astronaut Scott Kelly in the cupola section of the international Space Station. NASA Scott Kelly and the Astronaut Twins Experiment The final mission for Scott Kelly was part of the famous Twins Study. For that, he spent nearly a year in microgravity while his brother Mark, who is now a retired astronaut, stayed on Earth. Scientists devised the experiment to study the effects of prolonged microgravity on Scott, and compare changes in the two over the course of the mission and beyond. The study also provided valuable information about how astronauts living and working in space on long-term voyages to the Moon and Mars can be affected. The mission began for him on March 27, 2015, when he blasted off from Earth with Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Korniyenko. Kelly was on for two missions and was commander for the second one. He returned to Earth on March 11, 2016. In addition to the Twins Study, Mark worked with Russian colleagues aboard the station and was commander for the mission during part of his stay. He traveled to and from the station aboard a Russian rocket and capsule. Among other activities, Kelly performed an extravehicular activity with fellow astronaut Timothy Kopra to repair a mobile transporter aboard the station. He also did an EVA with Kjell Lindgren to service several parts of the station, including the Canadarm 2 and installation of docking equipment for future missions by SpaceX and NASA crew vehicles. Scott Kellys personal living quarters aboard the International Space Station were quite small and include a sleeping and personal work area.   NASA The ongoing research into changes in both men has uncovered some significant effects of space flight. During his time in on orbit, Scott grew two inches in height due to weaker gravitational pull on his skeleton. Upon return to Earth, his skeletal structure returned to nearly the same as it was before the mission. Genetically, the men remain the same, but scientists noted some ways that his bodys gene expression had changed. This is not the same as his actual genes changing, but has more to do with how they prepare the body to respond to changes in the environment. In addition, Scott participated in research to help doctors understand why astronaut eyesight can change drastically over time in space. He, like many other astronauts, noted a distinct change in mental viewpoint and also how personal relationships are affected by lengthy stays in space. Kelly noted that one unique aspect of the mission was that time on the station flowed at a slightly different rate than it did for his brother on Earth. It made him slightly younger than Mark and medical scientists are still assessing the effects of his trip on his body. He wrote that his part as a scientific lab rat never ends. I will continue to be a test subject for the rest of my life, he wrote. I will continue to participate in the Twins Study as Mark and I age...for me, its worth it to have contributed to advancing human knowledge, even if its only a step on a much longer journey. Personal Life Scott Kelly married his first wife, Leslie Yandell in 1992 and they had two daughters, Samantha and Charlotte. The couple divorced in 2009. Kelly married his second wife, Amiko Kauderer, in 2018. Scott Kelly retired from NASA in 2016 and has worked with the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs since that time. The memoirs of his time in space were published in 2017, and he spends time giving public talks about space and space travel. Ive been traveling the country and the world talking about my experiences in space, he wrote. Its gratifying to see how curious people are about my mission, how much children instinctively feel the excitement and wonder of spaceflight, and how many people think, as I do, that Mars is the next step. Honors and Awards Scott Kelly received many medals and much recognition for his work, among them the Legion of Merit, the Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal, the NASA Distinguished Service Medal, and the Medal for Merit in Space Exploration from the Russian Federation. He is a member of the Association of Space Explorers and was one of Time Magazines Influential 100 in 2015. Sources Kelly, Scott, and Margaret Lazarus Dean. Endurance: My Year in Space, a Lifetime of Discovery. Vintage Books, a Division of Penguin Random House, LLC, 2018.Mars, Kelli. â€Å"Twins Study.† NASA, NASA, 14 Apr. 2015, www.nasa.gov/twins-study.Mars, Kelli. â€Å"NASA Twins Study Confirms Changes to Mark Kellys Genes.† NASA, NASA, 31 Jan. 2018, www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-twins-study-confirms-preliminary-findings.Northon, Karen. â€Å"NASA Astronaut Scott Kelly Safely Back on Earth after One-Year Mission.† NASA, NASA, 2 Mar. 2016, www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-astronaut-scott-kelly-returns-safely-to-earth-after-one-year-mission.â€Å"Scott Kelly.† Scott Kelly, www.scottkelly.com/.

Effects of Globalization on Loogistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Effects of Globalization on Loogistics - Essay Example The main setting of this paper is to highlight the impact of globalization on the current economic environment, with specific focus on the logistics and transport sectors. Nonetheless, the paper bases its argument on the fact that the process of globalization is undoubtedly transforming the logistical strategies employed by service and products providers. Globalization combines various actions and trends, which makes the impact of this process not only complex but also revolutionary. According to the discussion findings the subsequent shift to the global business is driven by the desire to access lower labour costs, despite the exposures such as regulatory shifts and high transportation costs subjected to the organizations. With the onset of global business, revolution, many organizations sell to more consumers in wider geographic locations, hence raising the complexity of the processes required to satisfy each market segment. The wider global customer base presents a myriad of challenges for companies that are accustomed to the provision of standard logistic solutions to a smaller regional-based market. In the global field, nonetheless, customers demand not only for the high and perfect reliability of the delivery but also the customization and subsequent solutions to their problems. The above demands explain the complexities that obligate the organizations to adopt diverse and modern logistical solutions that would enable them to retain the customer base.

HU300 unit 8 Journal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

HU300 unit 8 Journal - Research Paper Example Let’s take an example of Chinese and Japanese films. These countries portray in their films a lot about their festivals and ceremonies. This tells us how festive these countries are. Chinese films also show the heroic struggle of the Chinese soldiers who reached their destination in the 1930s after the long march. An example of this is the Chinese movie named â€Å"The Long March†. The way Chinese films are made tells us that China has a strong film industry with talented actors. Russian films, like â€Å"Faust† by Alexander Sokurov, talk more about battles and wars, and portray the Russian history. Arabian films have their own special portrayal of beauty and culture. Moreover, if we talk about German films, most of them portray the humorous nature of the Germans which they are famous for. German comedy movies, like â€Å"Miss Congeniality 2 - Armed and Fabulous† and â€Å"The Edukators†, show the sense of humor Germans possess. Hence, keeping in mi nd that films portray cultures, they should not only be a source of entertainment but should also contain moral

My Dream House Essay Example for Free

My Dream House Essay Living life large as people may say it, is my kind of lifestyle, my dream is to make it big and enjoy the finest things in life. Indeed, this can only come with dedication, hard work and a master plan. My dream house can be described in two words, classy and comfortable. The setting should be at the beach where I can view the ocean and enjoy cool breeze; this would also give me the chance to enjoy my hobby, that it swimming. The design should be a mixture of the old and modern architecture and rises above the ground to be held by large beacons. The high rise would ensure that the trees do not block my ocean view. The color would be sky blue that would match and blend with the nearby ocean waters and which also happens to be my favorite color. The roofing should be fitted in that it is able to monitor the beach and ocean activities and acts as a remote weather station. In the inside, the plain white color would brace the walls with paintings from exhibitions. I like paintings from the Africa continent and the ancient Asian art. In addition, sculptures would come in handy in the interior decorations. The black leather couches would have a clear appeal to the house and make it comfortable. Furnishing the house would be very easy as my preference would be artistic furniture. A lazy bag is also a favorite piece, not because am lazy but because it ensures creativity and relaxation; additionally, the Jacuzzi would be a no missing feature. I would not go for the many roomed and large houses since they have a feel of loneliness.  In conclusion, my dream house stands out because of the setting, design and the blend of a modern and ancient structure.

Racism in Heart of Darkness :: essays research papers

What is racism? Racism can be defined as – â€Å"The belief that race accounts for differences in human character or ability and that a particular race is superior to others.† Racism occurs when a racist group finds it necessary to put down other ethnic groups in an attempt to strengthen their own. A very strong racist comment or action might make the other group feel hurtful, degrading, humiliating. The novel, â€Å"Heart of darkness†, written by Joseph Conrad provides such instances which are racist and biased against the people living in Africa. Heart of Darkness is a story in which racism presents itself so deliberately that, for many, the dilemma of race must be tackled before anything else in the book may be dealt with. Conrad used derogatory, outdated and offensive terminology for devaluation of people’s color as savages. This use of language disturbs many readers who read this book. Although Conrad uses racist language in this book, it doesn’t mean that he is really racist. When we look at the language, we are just looking at the very surface of the story. Heart of Darkness is a story full of irony and deception. At one point, Conrad made a very interesting point. He suggested that the light is used to indicate deceit in Heart of Darkness. Conrad uses the character of Marlow to make use of his own thoughts and views about the people in the Congo. He feels pity for them as he sees them falling down carrying heavy packages and Kurtz commanding them like a batallion of troups. This sight angers Marlow and when he gets to Kurtz, it’s too late. Even he has been pulled in by the darkness. Conrad makes an effective distinction between Marlow and Kurtz.

Analysis of “The Doctor in the House” by R.Gordon

The text under analysis is an extract from the book â€Å"Doctor in the house† written by a famous English-speaking writer Richard Gordon by name, who was born in 1921 .Richard Gordon is the pen name used by Gordon Ostlere, an English surgeon and anaesthetist.Richard Gordon has written numerous novels, screenplays for film and television and accounts of popular history, mostly dealing with the practice of medicine. He is most famous for a long series of comic novels on a medical theme starting with Doctor in the House. Gordon worked as anaesthetist at St. Bartholomew's Hospital and later as a ship's surgeon and as assistant editor of the British Medical Journal.In 1952, he left medical practice and took up writing full time. The text is devoted to the final examinations at the medical institutions and tells us about the condition of students before, during and after exams. This extract is constructed around the single theme -the procedure of the exams. Therefore, the theme of the text is examination time.The author uses numerous thematic words, such as: the student, the final examinations, the exams, to prepare, the examiners, cheating, textbooks, to swot up, the written papers, uniformed, examinees, knowledge, tripos, viva, marking, grading, to pass and so on.Besides the basic theme the text touches upon many very important secondary themes: the psychological types of students, cheating at the exams, students’ prejudice, disadvantage of women student at the exams, the psychological pressure of the process of the examination on the students.The main idea conveyed by the author may be expressed as: the examination is like a lottery(much depends upon luck). The plot structure is closed, because it contains all the components. From the exposition we learn general information about students’ attitude to the final examinations and the way of preparation for this important event, the condition of students before, during and after exams.It begins with the comparison the final exams with death; this image presents the students’ attitude to the event. The author  gives the description of preparation for the examinations. â€Å"To a medical student the final examinations are something like death: an unpleasant inevitability to be faced sooner or later†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The exposition ends with  Ã¢â‚¬Å"†¦ and ran a final breathless sprint down the well-trodden paths of medicine.†The main character is medical student R. Gordon.( and the students themselves). Author tells us about him nothing, because he wants to say that Gordon is an ordinary student. Author uses indirect method of characterization, and we can learn something of him only through his feelings. And we see the exams through his own eyes. The story is told from first person narration. The place is a medical universityThe time is the examination timeThe atmosphere is tense and excitingThe story contains 2 logical parts . The narrator depicts the pro cedure of the exams which consists of two parts: written papers, after which one of the students gives a very specific theory of the way the tripos is marking at Cambridge; and the viva – the oral examination, before which he characterizes different types of candidates’ behavior anticipating it. The complication of the narration is showing the process of exam, candidates’ excitement and suspense of the results.This part of the text stretches from â€Å"The examination began with the written papers† to â€Å"†Number three oh six?† the Secretary whispered, without looking up from the book. â€Å"R. Gordon?† â€Å"Yes† I croaked.† The tension reaches its highest degree when poor Gordon almost believe in his fail. And the climax, when the Author describes how the Secretary of the Committee calls out Gordon’s name, because in that moment we become interested in his results, do he pass or fail.â€Å"The world stood still . The traffic stopped, the plants ceased growing, men were paralysed, the clouds hung in the air, the winds dropped, the tides disappeared, the sun halted in the sky. â€Å"Pass,† he muttered.† The author deliberately postpones the denouement keeping the reader in pressing anticipation. It comes in the last paragraph, after the moment when he heard the magic word â€Å"Pass†. It was a kind of liberation and the ending of suffering . â€Å"Blindly, like a man just hit by a blackjack, I stumbled upstairs.†This text is narration with elements of dialogues. The style of written prose is formal. The story deals with describing process of exams, difficulties provided by them and students feelings and thoughts before and after examination. The author tries to convey hard emotional state of the medical students in his novel. He manages to do it with the abundant use of stylistic devices.Similes: â€Å" To a medical student the final examinations are something lik e death† â€Å"I was shown to a tiny waiting-room furnished with hard chairs, a wooden table, and windows that wouldn't open, like the condemned cell.† â€Å"The days after the viva were black ones. It was like having a severe accident.† â€Å"The room had suddenly come to a frightening, unexpected silence and stillness, like an unexploded bomb.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"he goes at them like a prize-fighter†, â€Å"porters like the policemen†, â€Å"the god’s brow threatens like imminent thunderstorm† â€Å"my palms were as wet as sponges†, â€Å"blindly, like a man just hit by a blackjack†.The author brilliantly uses the allusion referring to the Bible’s Judgment day. We discover that final exams are death and the Secretary as an archangel corresponds where they would go to the paradise or to hell. â€Å"The candidate would step up closely to the Secretary, who would say simply â€Å"Pass† or â€Å"Failed†. Succ essful men would go upstairs to receive the congratulations and handshakes of the examiners and failures would slink miserably out of the exit to seek the opiate oblivion.†Metaphor: ‘a straight contest ’ â€Å"an examination is nothing more than an investigation† â€Å"the Old Stager, who treated the whole thing with the familiarity of a photographer at a wedding† â€Å"the well-trodden paths†.Some hyperboles create a great chasm between students and examiners:† But the viva is judgement day. A false answer, and the god's brow threatens like imminent thunderstorm.† The other ones reflect the influence of candidate’s fears on theirs health and perception of the world: â€Å"But the viva is judgement day. A false answer, and the god's brow threatens like imminent thunderstorm.†The following short parallels constructions help to reflect the tense during anticipation of the narrator’s result: â€Å"The world stood still. The traffic stopped, the plants ceased growing, men were paralysed, the clouds hung in the air, the winds dropped, the tides disappeared, thesun halted in the sky.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Whether these people were so brilliant they were able to complete the examination in an hour and a half or whether this was the time required for them to set down unhurriedly their entire knowledge of medicine was never apparent from the nonchalant air with which they left the room.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"The world stood still. The traffic stopped, the plants ceased growing, men were paralysed, the clouds hung in the air, the winds dropped, the tides disappeared, the sun halted in the sky.†Irony: â€Å"Whether these people were so brilliant they were able to complete the examination in an hour and a half or whether this was the time required for them to set down unhurriedly their entire knowledge of medicine was never apparent from the nonchalant air with which they left the room.†Inversion:â€Å" To a medical student the final examinations are something like death† â€Å"In the square outside the first person I recognized was Grimsdyke.† â€Å"Next to him, a man of the Frankly Worried class sat on the edge of his chair tearing little bits off his invitation card and jumping irritatingly every time the door opened. â€Å" â€Å" Blindly, like a man just hit by a blackjack, I stumbled upstairs.† Epithet:impressionable music despondently ticked flagrant cheating looked dispassionately down anonymous examinees tiny waiting room came solemnly down the stairs restless crowdOxymoron: â€Å"There is rarely any frank cheating in medical examinations† â€Å"to give the examiners the impression of frustrated brilliance.† â€Å"Some of them strode up for an extra answer book, with an awkward expression of self-consciousness and superiority in their faces.† Repetition:â€Å"Number one hundred and sixty-one,† he began. â€Å"Number three hundred and two. Number three hundred and six.† Grimsdyke punched me hard in the ribs, â€Å"Go on,† he hissed. â€Å"It's you!†Idioms: to keep an eye open for terrible displeasureMetonymy: â€Å"The room had suddenly come to a frightening, unexpected silence and stillness, like an unexplodedbomb.†Emotionally coloured verbs: Gaze,hiss,croak,stumbleGradation: â€Å"The world stood still. The traffic stopped, the plants ceased growing, men were paralysed, the clouds hung in the air, the winds dropped, the tides disappeared, the sun halted in the sky.†This story is rather interesting and attracts the reader’s attention. It makes us to experience the psychological state of the students .

Why and How Have Liberals Supported the Fragmentation

Why and how have liberals supported the fragmentation of political power? (15) Why Liberals are concerned about power, most basically, because power constitutes a threat to liberty. Their concern about concentrations of power is rooted in their emphasis upon individualism and its implication that human beings are rationally self- interested creatures. Egoism determines that those who have the ability to influence behaviour of others are inevitably inclined to use that ability for their own benefit and therefore at the expense of others.The greater the concentration of power, the greater will be the scope of rulers to pursue self-interest and, thus, the greater corruption. Lord Acton stated â€Å"Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely. Great men are almost always bad men. † behind Acton’s famous quote about power and corruption, he points out the liberal belief that, since human beings are individuals and therefore egoistical, they are bound to us e power – the ability to influence the behaviour of others to benefit themselves and they will use, or abuse, others in the furtherance of that goal.In essence, the greater the power the greater the scope for using and abusing others in the pursuit of self-seeking ends. Such thinking has shaped liberalism in a number of ways. In particular it has encouraged them to endorse the principle of limited government brought through constitutionalism and democracy. Liberals thus support, for example, codified constitutions, bills of rights, the separation of powers, federalism or devolution, as well as regular, free and fair elections, party competition and universal suffrage. Constitutionalism delivers limited government either by legally ring-fencing government (e. . , codified constitutions and bills of rights or fragmenting government power so creating a network of checks and balances (e. g. , the separation of powers, bicameralism and federalism). Democracy delivers limited gover nment because it bases government on a system of popular consent and accountably that also enables the public (through competitive elections) to rid themselves of unpopular or corrupt governments. The fragmentation of power brings many significant benefits. It creates a network of checks and a balance, ensuring that power is a check on power.Different bodies and institutions will eventually act as a check on each other. Fragmented government therefore creates internal constraints that prevent government from becoming a tyranny against the individual. Furthermore, it ensures that those who exercise power have only a limited ability to influence other citizens, thus preventing absolute power. How Traditionally, liberals have always supported fragmented government, checks and balances. Power within liberal democracies is separated between the legislature, executive and judiciary which act as both independent and inter-dependent bodies.The separation of powers emphasises it cuts on powe r into smaller pieces – thus preventing concentrations of power from developing – and that it creates internal tensions amongst institutions and power-holders which further diminishes the capacity of each to abuse or tyrannise the general public. Liberals support constitutionalism and consent because they fear that government may become a tyranny against the individual, based on the assumption that power is inherently corrupting and concentrations of power will lead to absolute corruption.This assumption is rooted in the liberal view of human nature: as individualism implies self- interest, those with power over others are apt to abuse it for their benefit and at the expense of others. Constitutionalism is the theory or practice of restricting government power through the establishment of a framework of constitutional regulations, usually involving the fragmentation of power to create a network of checks and balances. Liberal constitutionalism is expressed through supp ort for various external and internal devices, such as codified constitutions, bills of rights, the separation of powers, federalism or devolution, and so on.Liberal support for consent is evident in support for electoral democracy in general and, more specifically, sympathy for referendums and proportional representation. Consent is the principle that the right to govern derives from the willing agreement of the governed, who thus view the actions of government as rightful or legitimate. Consent is often in practice associated with the act of voting and therefore institutionalised through a system of electoral democracy. Liberals emphasise the importance of constitutionalism and onsent because both are mechanisms for protecting or enlarging the sphere of individual liberty by restricting the capacity of government to encroach upon the individual. This commitment to limiting government reflects the underlying liberal fear that power is inherently corrupting, a consequence of egoism, meaning that government is always liable to become a tyranny against the individual. Constitutionalism achieved this aim through formal, institutional and often legal restrictions upon government officials and bodies.Consent achieves it by ensuring that politicians are publicly accountable and, ultimately, removable. ? Federalism, based on the principle of shared sovereignty, devolution, parliamentary government, cabinet government and so on. ? Power is devolved from the centre to regions and at local levels. In the UK: regional assemblies- welsh assembly; Scottish parliament ? Human rights act: giving people rights in law which means that they have a check to defend themselves from being discriminated against by those in authority

How does Shakespeare portray ambiguity in the play Romeo and Juliet Essay Example

How does Shakespeare portray ambiguity in the play Romeo and Juliet Essay Example How does Shakespeare portray ambiguity in the play Romeo and Juliet Paper How does Shakespeare portray ambiguity in the play Romeo and Juliet Paper Essay Topic: Metamorphoses The exploration of ambiguity in the play ‘Romeo and Juliet’ encapsulates Shakespeare’s message of how there is no ‘right’ or ‘wrong,’ ‘good’ or ‘evil’. This theme is sparked from the contextual circumstance of the play, set in Renaissance England, a time of great change and cultural ambiguity, bringing about the protestant reformation and the emergence of ‘the new man’ and new outlooks on love and romance. Shakespeare adopts descriptive techniques and distinctive wordplay, integrating literary devices and imagery to portray ambiguity subliminally throughout the play. The concept of ambiguity is portrayed by his use of oxymoron, for instance â€Å"Oh brawling love, oh loving hate† depicts ambiguity through the binary of love and hate and how elements of both can be found in one another, thus highlighting Shakespeare’s message of how the entire concept of the play is ambiguous. An oxymoron is by definition ambiguous, and is often adopted to conceptualise ambiguous meanings and ideas. Similarly, Shakespeare uses paradox, for instance, when Juliet questions, â€Å"was ever a book containing such vile matter so fairly bound? to depict Juliet’s complexity as a character, and her conflicting emotions when trying to battle with the idea that the love of her life is a murderer. In addition Shakespeare conveys ambiguity by categorising imagery into two extremes, light and dark. This imagery continually recurs throughout the play, and is often adopted by Romeo, for instance when he first sees Juliet he declares, â€Å"O, she doth teach the torches burn bright† and Juliet is continually referred to as a light in the darkness and Juliet concurrently expresses how â€Å"Romeo’s body† be â€Å"cut out in little stars. Shakespeare uses this to accentuate the contrast of love and hate, an ambiguous disparity Shakespeare uses to encapsulate the meaning of the play. Furthermore, Shakespeare’s use of distinctive language and character repartee is used for contrast and to craft oxymoron and paradox to illustrate ambiguity, for instance; â€Å"A damned saint, an honourable villain! The poignant contrast between the words, â€Å"damned† and â€Å"honourable† each adjectives used to inverse the distinct characterisations of â€Å"villain† and â€Å"saint† in the form of an oxymoron. Ambiguity is also explored through the characters themselves. For instance, Friar Lawrence is portrayed to have a vested interest in the happiness of both Romeo and Juliet and appears as an advocate of their forbidden romance and even helps to marry the two in secret, later providing Juliet with a substance that will give her the power to fake her death to avoid her marriage to Paris. However it appears he has an ulterior motive fuelled by his peace loving disposition. This is portrayed when he states that â€Å"this alliance may so happy prove to turn your households’ rancour to pure love,† thus expressing the somewhat ambiguous nature of his character. Furthermore, his unorthodox behaviour may have in fact caused the deaths of the two lovers and thus Shakespeare portrays ambiguity in this instance by portraying the layers of the Friar’s character, how a peace loving man of God, whom Shakespeare initially appears to use as a plot device, gradually metamorphoses to someone who will, by any means necessary, attempt to achieve his goal, no matter how innocent his motives. Similarly, Lord Capulet’s character also appears to acquire a similar ambiguous nature. He initially appears as a loving father with seemingly chivalrous qualities, asking Paris to â€Å"let two more summers wither in their pride, ere we may think her ripe to be a bride,† allowing his daughter time to mature before she weds Paris. Similarly, when Tybalt expresses his anger and concern when Romeo enters Juliet’s party, he responds dismissively and appears to see no point to the feud, portraying a sensible, understanding side to his character. However, Capulet soon loses this title and becomes a more aggressive character, forcing Juliet to marry Paris and when she refuses he exclaims, â€Å"Out you baggage, you tallow face,† expressing a more belligerent side to his character. And thus again, Shakespeare portrays ambiguity through Capulet’s somewhat twofold character, each a polar end of two extremes, aggression and compassion. In addition, Mercutio’s character also resembles a somewhat ambiguous nature. His name itself is derived from the word ‘mercurial’ which means unstable or volatile, which in itself encapsulates his ambiguity. He initially appears very self assured and confident with an aptitude for bawdy humour. He appears to sustain a dismissive, derogatory outlook on love, expressing that â€Å"if love be rough with you, be rough with love. † He also appears as a loyal friend to Romeo, and advocate of the Montagues. However, it appears Mercutio’s alleged confidence is merely a facade fuelled by his insecure, volatile undertones. This is portrayed during his dying moments when he exclaims, â€Å"a curse of both your houses! † portraying his volatility and insecurity as opposed to his initial confident, secure demeanour and thus conveys his character’s ambiguous fibre. Ambiguity is also distinguished through the themes integrated into the play and the plot itself. Shakespeare expresses how the conflicting themes included in the play, for instance ‘Love and Hate’ are merely adopted by Shakespeare to portray how there is no ‘one or the other,’ there is always a mixture of both. He uses the characters’ emotions and actions to portray these themes as inversed extremes battling against one another to realise the ultimate conclusion mentioned previously. Similarly the plot in itself, a fickle feud fuelled by the insecurity of each other’s prevalence that ultimately resulted in the deaths of each of their own.

3 Things to Research Before Any Job Interview

3 Things to Research Before Any Job Interview There are so many job search how-to articles out there telling you to do your homework, but what exactly does that mean? What homework? What research into these companies you’re interviewing with is actually going to help you? What do you actually need to know to prepare for your job interview? What you would be doingThis seems like an obvious place to start, and it is. But the most important research you can do before going in for an interview is to get a really good sense of what your position would entail on a day-to-day basis. What opportunities are there for growth? How long have people typically stayed in that role? What are the primary responsibilities and requisite qualifications? You can contact current employees on LinkedIn or try to chat with friends of friends that work there, if that helps. Or, sign up for the company newsletter. You’ll be much better prepared and your interviewer will be pleased to notice your keen interest.Who the movers and shakers areIt ’s always a shrewd idea to get an idea of the power players at any particular company. Start with the About page and see who the managers and executives are, then commence your Google stalking. You’ll get a great sense of what kind of talent the company values, and how you might fit in.What it’s like to work thereCulture, culture, culture. Everyone is now officially obsessed with this word. But it’s a useful one. After all, you’ll be spending a massive amount of time in this one place. Best to get a good idea of what it’s like. It will save you a lot of adjustment time if you know what to expect going in. You’ll also get a better idea of what unique personality traits and skills or experiences to emphasize during your interview to net the job.

Sustainability of functional foods Dissertation

Sustainability of functional foods - Dissertation Example As livestock industry being the single largest user of land is affecting the eco system directly or indirectly (directly by cultivation of crops for the animals on large areas and indirectly from feedstock productions). Moreover predictions were given earlier by Grigg (1995) regarding increase in environmental impacts because of more agriculture trading and global trends in the market with reference to food. Furthermore environmental impacts with reference to agriculture are analysed, fortified food or functional foods productions, then these are the findings: Almost one third of the world’s cultivated land over the time of forty years has resulted in soil erosions and degradation of land. One way or other almost 80% shedding of forest is because of agriculture (Pimentel, 1994) High consumption of water in the agriculture sector and in livestock production is another main environmental impact. For instance in some cases crops consume 500 to 2000 liters of water and in case of beef almost 150,000 to 200,000 water is consumed to produce it (Macdiarmid, et al., 2011) However in general live stock is mainly responsible for providing proteins to masses of today. According to a report in order to gain one kg of high quality meat 6 kg of high quality plant is required. ... Moreover the consumption of grain in US live stock industry is 7% more than what its population directly eats. This over production has caused lands to erode. So this is another important environmental factor with reference to function food productions (Frey, and Barrett, 2007). Moreover different researches have been carried out with reference to environmental impacts in which different input and output and extended research methods have been used. However meat along with dairy products is considered to be the main contributor in terms of impacting the environment which even includes production change and distributors (Macdiarmid, et al., 2011). According to the Swedish study, food consumption is one of the most important players in creating pollution. Beside pollution, another important concept which by Macdiarmid, et al., 2011 as â€Å"virtual water†. Or in other words it is the amount of water that is used in the production of food is known as virtual water or embedded wat er (Hoekstra, & Chapagain, 2008). Since water is a diminishing source of energy and it has no replacements unlike oil if that runs out then it can be replaced with other sources of energies. However the term virtual water or embedded water means that the water consumed by products during the time of creating product and that water is not present physically but it has consumed water is known as embedded water or virtual water for instance it takes 140 liters of water for making one cup of coffee and 15000 liters for 1kg of beef (Macdiarmid, et al., 2011) Likewise according to the statistic report shows that almost 12,000 billion liters of water is taken out from rivers and other sources in UK which is about 9% of the total actual renewable water available in the UK. Keeping in view

Special Qualitites of Japanese Woodblock Prints Essay

Special Qualitites of Japanese Woodblock Prints - Essay Example Not only were the woodblock prints a source of entertainment and enchantment, they were also vital to the propagation of Buddhist philosophy and art. (Priest, 1959) As a consequence, the evolution of Zen Buddhism in Japan is neatly documented in this medium of art. The rest of this essay will analyze two Japanese woodblock prints – taken one each from The Seattle Museum of Asian Art and the Metropolitan Museum of Art respectively – and study their similarities and differences in the backdrop of the evolution of the technique. The two woodblock prints chosen for this essay are – Crow and Heron (Young Lovers Walking Under an Umbrella in a Snowstorm, ca. 1769) and Two Ladies Looking Through a Telescope (Hokusai, 19th century) - from the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Seattle Museum of Asian Art respectively. The Crow and Heron was created by Suzuki Harunobu and is made of woodcut print on paper. This print carries many typical characteristics of the art and cultural sensibilities of the period. Firstly, chivalry being a cherished virtue in high Japanese society, the man is shown to hold the umbrella for his lover. The demureness and shyness of the lady is complemented by the glitter and passion in the eyes of her beloved. The robes worn by the lovers further accentuate this complementariness. The dark brown shades of the man’s robes align and merge with the soft white robe of the lady. The tresses and folding of their robes form a unified pattern. (Meech, 1982) Japanese woodblock prints reveal much information about the social structures and cultural norms of corresponding eras. They also show the signature styles of various artists. The Crow and Heron print shows the â€Å"rise of the wealthy chonin and their interest in elegant clothes, pleasurable pastimes, and the arts, especially woodblock prints. Harunobu depicted beautiful women being slender and graceful. He did not individualize his figures, but presented them as idealized ima ges without unique features†. (http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/JP2453, 2006) It is interesting to note that the flourishing of woodprint art during the Edo period is largely due to the patronage of the aristocratic class. Indeed, the â€Å"pleasure quarters and the sophisticated entertainments they offered exerted an enormous impact on the culture of the Edo period.† (http://www.metmuseum.org, 2003) In this light, it is a paradox that the Buddhist message of austerity and detachment was propagated in equal measure through the art form. For instance, one prominent feature of this Buddhist ethos is that of ukiyo, which stands for the transitory nature of life. Both the works in discussion exhibit this quality in terms of their impressions. Hence, the revelry of Japanese high society went hand in hand with the simplicity of Buddhist philosophy in shaping the rules and aesthetics of woodprint art. This contra-direction is exemplified in the upturning of the meani ng of ukiyo from ‘transitory’ to that of ‘joie de vivre’. This â€Å"hedonistic culture that glorified life in the ‘floating world’ was particularly well expressed in the production of woodblock prints, which made available to anyone with a bit of extra cash captivating images of seductive courtesans, exciting kabuki actors, and famous romantic vistas. For the first time, artists were inspired by and responded

Dialect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Dialect - Essay Example Finally, the author provides a personal reflection regarding the quotation from Peter Trudgill on the toleration of dialects. The paper ends with the conclusion that dialects should be tolerated while common languages should be developed, all for improved communication, understanding and collaborative progressive work. Today, there are about 5,000-6,000 different languages spoken in the world. About 200 of these languages have more than a million native speakers. According to O’Neill (2008), Mandarin Chinese has the most native speakers, with around 874 million people using it as a native language. Hindi, spoken in India, comes next with around 366 million and English is a distant third with around 341 million native speakers. The national language of the Philippines is Filipino, although according to Edraline (2008), a survey of Richard Pitman, an American linguist, showed there are 55 native languages and 142 dialects in the country. Of the native languages, eight are considered principal languages because they are the most widely spoken – Cebuano, Tagalog, Ilocano, Ilongo, Bicolano, Waray, Kampampangan and Panggalatok. Much of the Filipino language is derived from Tagalog, which is spoken in Metro Manila and the nearby provinces. But the official version of the Filipino language today has incorporated a lot of words from the other principal languages as well as English and Spanish, such as radio for radio, telebisyon for television or tiya and tiyo, for the Spanish tia and tio, meaning aunt and uncle. It has been often said that language defines a culture. It is a sort of documentation or chronicle of a way of life. The words which comprise a language get created as needs arise. In the same manner, words that existed in a previous language version get forgotten as less and less people use them and so are dropped out from the current version. As culture evolves,

The Roles Of An Early Tears Practitioner Young People Essay

The Roles Of An Early Tears Practitioner Young People Essay Caring for children looks at the range of settings and providers that care for children across the private, voluntary and independent sectors. The following report outlines the care needs for children. Collate evidence which describes the role of the practitioner in caring for children The role and responsibilities of an early years practitioner follow a number of codes of practice and state how you conduct yourself. When working with children a number of codes of practices exist. Such as Special needs, Safeguarding children, Childrens learning, Behaviour, Working with parents, Data protection etc. The early years practitioner has clear responsibilities, like Work to the principals of the sector and codes of confidentiality Meet learning needs of a child Provide an environment that is warm, welcoming and stimulating Work with parents and partners Work as part of a team that provides a quality service for both children and parents The early years practitioner has to: Put needs of children first because this will help keeping children out of harm, keep them safe and encourage them to meet the standards for there abilities. Respect others choices -If you do not this could cause friction between staff members and can reflect on the setting and onto the children. Respect confidentially It is important to respect confidentiality as it can help a child stay out of trouble, keep them safe and help them. Plan, record and review This is important as it can help you improve. It can help you notice your strengths and weaknesses. This also helps when doing activities where you can see what event went well and what did not, how you could do things differently and may allow you to handle a situation differently It is important to demonstrate responsibility as it helps the children learn right and wrong and it is partly your responsibility to teach them this and they may treat you as a role model. Also partnerships with parents. This is also important as then you can learn about a child, their likes and dislikes, etc. It will also help build relationships with parents so they know they can trust you. Continuing Professional Development is important as it shows you want to be the best that you can be. It also shows you are very interested in making the children be the best they can be and that you are dedicated in doing that. Observing children helps you recognise stages of the Childs development. This can help recognise where a childs needs are, where they need extra help, etc Lastly working as a team as this helps create a positive environment for everyone to work in and also help people feel included and this will help with self-confidence. E2 Collate information about how care for children may be provided within families and society E3 Include evidence which compares the differing roles of statutory, private, voluntary and independent settings. Many parents adapt to changes in their lives and usually have the support of family and friends to provide assistance. Many families however can face issues that affect the family life and often need support to help them. Such factors like: Financial Difficulties Low income families Cannot afford food or clothes Poverty, poor health and depression Poor housing, etc Unemployment Loss of jobs, no income Depression Changing jobs / Mother working Loss of child care Separation of child from mother Divorce and separation Lower income Smaller housing / cramped conditions Caring for other family members / long term illnesses Elderly relatives Hospital Bereavement Emotional strain Dealing with grief Social isolation No communication No transport Living in a new area no friends, etc. Children and families need support at certain times and there are many organisations and self help groups that can provide this support. Such as National Childbirth Trust, National Association of Toy and Leisure Libraries, Child Poverty Action group, Home Start, Parentline plus, Gingerbread, contact a family, etc. There are many different settings where children can be cared for such as Respite Care, Holiday play schemes, Parent and toddler groups, Schools, Workplace nurseries, Childminders, Pre-schools, After school clubs, Residential care, Day nurseries and Crà ¨ches Usually the main support group is within the family network such as grandparents and Aunties and Uncles. There are four different types of Sectors that provide care and education for children. They are; Statutory Sector Voluntary Sector Private Sector. Independent A Statutory Sector is a Sector that has to be there by law, so dentist, local schools and hospitals are part of this. Local schools have to be there by law and get some funding by the government. The age range that schools cover is from five years to eleven years olds; they follow a set routine where reception covers the EYFS and then year one to year six covers the national curriculum. Schools are open from nine oclock in the morning to half three in the afternoon, from Monday to Fridays, term times only. This means that schools are closed at Christmas, Easter, summer and half terms. Schools are in easy access areas, where there is enough space for an outside play area for example the playground and indoor space, for example somewhere to do P.E. A local school can be adapted, for example ramps for people with disabilities and for people to find it easy to access the school. A local school should also include snacks; they should be healthy snacks like fruit and vegetables. They shoul d also include toileting times for the children. Statutory Schools are usually free except payment for school dinners, school trips and some snacks. The aim of a Statutory Sector School is to provide opportunities of education for every child and to support their learning also making a safe and secure environment for children to keep them from harm. Another aim is to provide social opportunities for the child this will include learning to make friends, learning to socialise with people, learning the difference between adults and children and learning to respect others. It may also provide opportunities for the family by meeting new parents so they are making new friends and it may also prove as support for families as they might find people to rely on and also some services though school to help support them. A Voluntary Sector is a sector, which people volunteer to organise and run, so mother and toddler, brownies and Pre school groups are apart of this. Mother and toddler groups are usually for children age two to four years. The mother and toddler groups are usually opened from nine to eleven thirty in the mornings or half one till three in the afternoon. These kinds of organisations are usually placed in a church or community hall, which arent necessarily built for the use of children. The staffs are usually parents themselves but the person in charge of the organisation must have a level three childcare qualification. The organisation may ask for a small donation each week, approximately  £3:50 a week to cover the basic cost of the booking of the hall and also for lighting and water bills. The area in which the organisation is situated may not have an outdoor area for the children to play out in, the organisation should also follow the EYFS curriculum where children will learn through play and the space may also be Ofsted inspected. The main aim of a mother and toddler group is to provides short term care of young children to give a parent or carer a little time to themselves and also to give young children stimulation and also play and social opportunities. Another main aim is to get children ready for school or nursery. Another way is to create social opportunities for the parent or carer of meeting new people while helping out with the organisation or just dropping off their child at the group. A Private Sector is a sector, where people pay extra to try and get the best of their childs education or health and also their own. When you use a private day nursery you are charged for using them, you are approximately charged  £150 a week to use the services. These nurseries are open from 8 am 6 pm all year except bank holidays, the age range for these nurseries are usually from six weeks old up until five years. They also provide all meals, breakfast, dinner and tea and also snacks; they also have sleep facilities, indoor and outdoor play areas for children to play in. The building may not be purposely be built for the children but will be adapted for the children to provide their size facilities. All the members of staff will fully qualified, managers and rooms leaders must be at least level three or level two trained. Ofsted will also inspect the building and the staff to check if its safe and also to check if they are following EYSF curriculum. The aim of a private day nursery is to provide safe and secure environment for children to keep them from harm for children in absence of parents or carer and also to provide opportunities of education for every child and to support their learning. Another aim of the private day nursery is to provide stimulating environment with bonding with other children and also to provide learning through play and also opportunities. Another aim may be to allow employment opportunities for parents or carers and knowing a child is in a secure place and is cared for. An independent sector are companies with more freedom to organise their provision. Their services may not rely on government funding and does not have to follow the EYFS or the National Curriculum. However the service may be OFSTED inspected to make sure childrens welfare needs are being met. Services of independent provision include independent schools and nurseries. E4 Include a summary of the main regulations that govern the care of children in different types of settings. The following is legislation that relates to working with children in a childrens centre:- Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 Race Relations Act (1976) Human Rights Act (1998) Data Protection Act (1998) Disability and Discrimination Act (2004) The legislation can influence working practices in the childrens centre by:- At all times complying with the Data Protection Act 1998. No discrimination by it against any person with respect to opportunity for employment, conditions of employment or delivery of the Services because of sex, marital status, race or disability. The Childrens centre shall in all matters arising comply with the provisions of the Disability Discrimination Act 1995, the Human Rights Act 1998, and the Sex Discrimination Act 1975, etc. The centre must comply with the provisions of the Race Relations Act 1976 and the Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000 and make sure that they perform their responsibilities, to eliminate unlawful racial discrimination, and to promote equality of opportunity and good relationships between different racial groups. The centre should be responsible for and take all such precautions as are necessary to protect the health and safety of all persons employed by it and should comply with the requirements of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and any other Acts or Regulations relating to the health and safety of employed persons. Human Rights Act 1998. It gives further effect in the UK to rights contained in the European Convention of Human Rights. The Care Standards Act 2000 and the Regulations and National Minimum Standards set out the responsibilities of agencies and carers in promoting the health of children who are looked after. The Education Act 2002 Local authorities and schools where requires to protect and safeguard and promote the welfare of children. This included health and safety, child protection and the overall well being of children. The Every Child Matters and Children Act 2004 The Children Act 2004 introduced a new duty (section 10) to co-operate at a strategic level on local authorities, Primary Care Trusts and other relevant childrens services partners. The act is to protect children and promote welfare and well being of children.Being healthy: enjoying good physical and mental health and living a healthy life style. Staying Safe being protected from harm and neglect. Enjoying and Achieving getting the most out of learning and life, and developing skills for adulthood. Making a positive contribution being involved in community and society and not engaging in anti-social or offending behaviour. Economic well being not being prevented by economic disadvantage from achieving their potential Other legislation that helps the health and well being of children is shown below. Meggitt. C. (pg 249-251) The Children Act 1989 provides care and protection of all children and young people in need, including those living away from home. Local authorities have a specific duty under section 22 of the Act to safeguard and promote the wellbeing of each child they look after. The Children and Young Persons Act 2008 amends the Children Act 1989; support the care system and putting in place the structures to enable children and young people to receive high quality care and support. The Mental Health Act 2007 amended the Mental Health Act 1983. It requires hospital managers to ensure that patients aged fewer than 18 admitted to hospital for mental disorder are accommodated in an environment that is suitable for their age (subject to their needs). This is due to be fully implemented in 2010. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 generally only affects people aged 16 or over and provides a framework to empower and protect people who may lack capacity to make some decisions for themselves, for example, people with dementia, learning disabilities, mental health problems, stroke or head injuries who may lack capacity to make certain decisions. E5 include 2 activities which will each support and maintain a different aspect of the daily care of children There are many different routines for children that can help them maintain a different aspect of daily care for children such as Hygiene Toilet time, washing hands, bed time and teeth cleaning, Mealtimes Sitting at the table and Sleep Routines: Daily routines vary depending where the child is being cared for. But promoting and supporting a childs independence and self care is also important and a childs self image and self esteem are vital to their overall wellbeing. However I have chosen the following as my chosen activities Shoe laces and Dressing weather appropriate. Activity One Shoe laces What is the activity? Teaching children to tie their laces by making a personalized shoe. (the children decorate it themselves) with laces for them to practice. What do you have to do? Adults role help the children learn to tie their laces Childs role learn to tie their laces and keep practicing How does this promote independence? It helps them learn to tie their laces so adults dont have to do them How does it promote daily living? It helps children tie their laces so they can do it daily and at their convinence What areas of learning does it promote? Intellectual, Physical and Emotional Is it fun? Yes especially the decorating Is it important? Yes Why? Because it is a basic skill for every day living What age? 4- 5 years of age Can you break it down to make it easier? N0 not really Can the activity be extended? No Activity two Dressing weather appropriately What is the activity? Dressing up a doll in appropriate clothes to go outside and play in, which will keep them warm and dry depending on the weather What do you have to do? Adults role help the children learn how to dress appropriately Childs role to be able to dress the doll properly and wear weather appropriate clothes themselves. How does this promote independence? It helps them dress properly thrmselves without being told what to wear and they choose what they want. How does it promote daily living? It helps children dress appropriately and to keep warm so that they dont become ill and that we do it everyday What areas of learning does it promote? Intellectual, Physical, Emotional and Health Is it fun? Can be Is it important? It can be Why? It stops the child from becoming ill and keeps them comfortable with what they wear and do What age? 4- 5 years of age (pre-school) Can you break it down to make it easier? N0 not really Can the activity be extended? Yes broken down into holiday (warm weather clothing), wet weather clothing, winter (cold weather clothing) E6 include an explanation of the key issues which enable multi-professional teams to work together. Multi professional approach allows professionals share knowledge about a family needs so that the parents dont have to ask the same questions over and over again. The professionals are aware of each others roles in supporting the family so that conflicting advice can be minimise. It is essential that each agency communicates well and understands not only there role and responsibilities but the others agencies as well. Parents/guardians are the most important people in a childs life, and recognise the importance of this. We have a responsible role that involves sharing care of the child with parents/guardians; listen to parents/guardians, as they are the expert on their child. Respect will be shown for family traditions and childcare practice, and will work in harmony with the values and wishes of the parents. Partnerships with other agencies benefit children, for example Speech and language therapists for children with hearing and language difficulties -This could include sign language or English as a second language. Bereavement management play therapist, Educational psychologist to assess behavioral needs and bring about positive behavior in a child. Sensory impairment such as Limited vision, Hearing disorder or Speech problems. Also Dietary, Religious or Learning needs This is to ensure that all the needs of the individuals / children are met and they develop to their full potential. These partnerships do have an important role to play in ensuring that childrens experiences and learning are maximized. Tassoni pg 237 A multi professional approach when working with children and parents is important as it helps children not to slip through the net. Communication is the biggest part of the multi professional team, as everyone needs to know what is going on. The multi professional approach team is made up of a lot of different agencies, they are agencies including Schools and teachers, Hospitals and doctors, Social workers, Police and many more. They all work together to help parents and children to stop tragic cases such as death, child abuse, etc. E8 Show an understanding of diversity and inclusive practices Recognising diversity is about recognising that children can come from lots of different backgrounds and family structures and this could be from the language they speak, culture and beliefs. Diversity means responding in a positive manner to differences, valuing all people. All children are citizens and have rights and entitlements. Children should be treated fairly regardless of race, religion or abilities. This applies no matter: what they think or say what type of family they come from what language(s) they speak what their parents do whether they are girls or boys whether they have a disability or whether they are rich or poor. All children have an equal right to be listened to and valued in the setting. Improving the physical environment physical aids to access education such as ICT equipment and portable aids for children with motor co-ordination and poor hand/eye skills. New buildings should be physically accessible to disabled pupils and will involve improving access to existing buildings including ramps, wider doors, low sinks, etc Improving the delivery of information to disabled children at nurserys or schools The information should take account of pupils disabilities and parents preferred formats and be made available Children should be treated fairly regardless of race, religion or abilities. This applies no matter what they think or say, what type of family they come from, what language(s) they speak, what their parents do, whether they are girls or boys or whether they have a disability or whether they are rich or poor. All children have an equal right to be listened to and valued in the setting and all children have a need to develop, which is helped by exploring and discovering the people and things around them. Some childrens development may be at risk, for example children who are disabled and those with special educational needs , those from socially excluded families, such as the homeless or those who live with a parent who is disabled or has a mental illness, children from traveller communities, refugees or asylum seekers and those from diverse linguistic backgrounds. All children are entitled to enjoy a full life in conditions which will help them take part in society and develop as an individual, with their own cultural and spiritual beliefs. Practitioners ensure that their own knowledge about different cultural groups is up-to-date and consider their own attitudes to people who are different from themselves. Children in the UK are being raised in a society with many sources of cultural diversity. Good early years practice needs to support this from the earliest months of babyhood. Practitioners need to work to create a positive learning environment. Play materials, books and other resources can be offered in a helpful way by reflecting on how young children learn about culture and cultural identity.   Diversity and inclusion is also linked to legislation such the Childrens Act 1989, SEN act 2001, Rights of Children 1989 and the Race Relations Act 1976. Also included is the Disability Act 2004. Children like experiencing food, music or dance forms that reflect their own family and neighbourhood experiences. Early childhood is a good time to offer opportunities that enable children to stretch beyond the familiar. Children can learn to appreciate cultural diversity in styles of art, craft, music and dance. All opportunities need to be well grounded in positive pride for the styles common in every childs own background.   E9 References Child Care and Education Tassoni. P. (2007). Heinemann (Harcourt Education Limited). Oxford , England Child Development Meggitt. C. (2006). Heinemann (Pearson Education Limited). Harlow, England Department of education and Skills (DFES) 2007 Early Childhood Studies, Willan, Parker-Rees, Savage: (2004) :Learning Matters ltd