The Industrial Revolution - 943 Words

The Industrial Revolution, a Revolution that began in Britain in the nineteenth century, saw people move from working in the farming industry to working in factories. This transition from an agrarian society meant that many people moved to cities in search of jobs. New methods of manufacturing allowed goods to be produced far more cheaply and quickly than before. However, the Revolution came with its own negative consequences. The lives of children during the Industrial Revolution were torturous and many injustices resulted. Children were used to serve the demands of the growing society but their needs were disregarded. Despite some reforms during the 1800s, the atrocious working and living conditions in towns ensured that children were definitely victims not beneficiaries of the Industrial Revolution. Children suffered enormously as a result of the poor working life of in the Industrial Revolution. By 1788, over two-thirds of workers in textile factories were children. Some factories employed children as young as the age of five or six. Other factories forced children to work as long as 16 hours a day. Children worked in gas works, nail factories, construction sites, shipyards and as chimney sweeps. The use of child labour in factories raised many social problems. Families, trapped by poverty, were forced to send their children to work in poor conditions for equally poor pay. Most children worked in cotton mills. Although children were accommodated, fed and dressed,Show MoreRelatedIndustrial Of The Industrial Revolution1666 Words   |  7 PagesMartinez English IV, 1st hour 4/29/16 The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution set people away from farms and small villages and moved them to cities and towns because of the job opportunities that arose in the cities. The Industrial Revolution not only helped people move along in the late 1700s and early 1800s but also it has made the people what they are today. During the Industrial Revolution, the movement from an agrarian society to an industrial one reshaped the roles of families, widenRead MoreThe Revolution Of The Industrial Revolution917 Words   |  4 PagesWhen thinking of the industrial revolution, I usually correlate this transitional period to great advancements in machinery, and an increase in jobs. However, after looking past the surface of the industrial revolution, in regards to the promise of great wealth, this promise was not kept, along with other issues. I believe that a â€Å"better life† would mean that people would not have to go through the same struggles they once did before the revolution, struggles such as not having a job, money, homeRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution1633 Words   |  7 Pagesmeans of communication, factories to manufacture the products you need, places to work, and ways to travel and transport goods. And what made these possible? The answer is the Industrial Revolution, which started in Europe around the year 1730. A revolution is a major change or turning point in something. The Industrial Revolution was a major turning point in history and in the way people lived. Their careers, living situations, location, values, and daily routines all changed, and they needed it desperatelyRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution1097 Words   |  5 PagesBefore the advent of the Industrial Revolution, most people resided in small, rural communities where their daily existences revolved around farming. Life for the average person was difficult, as incomes were meager, and malnourishment and disease were common. People produced the bulk of their own food, clothing, furniture and tools. Most manufacturing was done in homes or small, rural shops, using hand tools or simple machines. Did You Know? The word luddite refers to a person who is opposedRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution1090 Words   |  5 PagesShort Term Misery†¦ Long Term Gain There are two major industrializations that have occurred through out history, both which began in England. The Industrial Revolution was from 1750 until 1800. The first and second industrialization were filled with many inventions, new societal ideas, new raw materials, new sources of power, also new ideas and societal implements were made enabling the world and society to evolve. Overall these industrialization was filled with death, neglect, and disease but endedRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution936 Words   |  4 Pageseconomist Robert Emerson Lucas wrote in regards to the Industrial revolution: For the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth. The novelty of the discovery that a human society has this potential for generating sustained improvement in the material aspects of the lives of all its members, not just the ruling elite, cannot be overstressed.† (Lucas 2002). The revolution itself was ce ntred in Britain before spreading to theRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution705 Words   |  3 PagesThe Industrial Revolution was the quintessence of capitalistic ideals; it bred controversy that led to Karl Marx’s idea of communism as a massive grass roots reaction to the revolution’s social abuses. Firstly, the Industrial Revolution featured the construction of machines, systems and factories that allowed goods to be manufactured at a faster rate with a lower cost. The seed drill made it so there could be â€Å"a semi-automated, controlled distribution and plantation of wheat seed†(Jones 2013). SecondlyRead MoreIndustrial Revolution1160 Words   |  5 Pagesend of the 19th century, a significant change took place in the fundamental structure of the economy. That change was industrialization. During this time period, the United States of America changed from a large, agricultural country, to an urban industrial society. The process of industrialization began to take place in America, and eventually took over the economy during this period. Entrepreneurs and inventors put together various machines and businesses to help better the country function on aRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution Essay2099 Words   |  9 PagesThe Industrial Revolution was one of the largest social and cultural movements that changed the methods of manufacturing of metal and textiles, the transportation system, economic policies and social structure as well. Before the Industrial Revolution, people used to live by season due to agriculture. They thrived on whatever food was in season. Now, as a result of the Industrial Revolution, we live regimented and almost everything that is made, is mass produced. I will discuss three major topicsRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution2418 Words   |  10 PagesThe Industrial Revolution became a defining transitional period in United States history. The Industrial Revolution created opportunities for society through, employment, higher pay and allowed for the meeting of many cultures. As a result of high employment opportunities, people flocked to the North and populated areas of the nation creating urban cities. Urban cities of the nation have not changed much since the Industrial Revolution; people are still drawn to the urban culture because of the variety

Essay about Professional Goals - 873 Words

June 21, 2010 INTE 499 Midterm After college and graduate school I plan to be a Marriage and Family therapist or a child psychologist. Not only do both require an excellent ability to communicate; both also require a reasonable knowledge and understanding of children. That is why this summer I decided to work/intern in a child-care facility. I believed it would give me an opportunity to expand my knowledge on children. For one, it would I get to interact with them on a one-on-one basis and group basis. Everyday or every week I would be able to see how they are developing; how they are progressing in life. It would also give me another opportunity to learn how to more effectively communicate with people, especially those of a younger†¦show more content†¦Although I have taken quite a few psychology courses and I’ve taken Intro to Communications, I do believe working in a daycare allows a more hands on learning experience for both topics. Previous courses such as Developmental psychology and Infant and Child Development have given me an idea of what the developmental stages of different age groups are but working allows me to see it face-to-face. A book can give the â€Å"average† timing a child is able to do a task however real life shows you that each child develops at a different pace however all task to happen in just about the same order. So far this summer I’ve learned that by 12 months children are beginning to understand cause and effect as well as being able to pull themselves to a standing position on a fixed object. This helps some children begin to walk. I’ve also learned that by 2 years they are able to match certain objects with one another as well as begin the road of potty training. Intro to Communications has taught me important keys to remember when communicating. The first is learning to listen and the second is learning how to notice on non-verbal communication. This is essential for children who lack their verbal skills. Another thing I’ve learned from the class is using positive language and I-language rather than negative language and you-language. This just means that instead of saying â€Å"No, don’t throw your food† I would try saying, â€Å"Our foodShow MoreRelatedGoals Of Professional Socialization785 Words   |  4 PagesProfessional socialization has four goals: (1) to learn the technology of the profession- the facts, skills, and theory, (2) to learn to internalize the professional culture, (3) to find a personally and professionally acceptable version of the role, and (4) to integrate this professional role into all of the other life roles (Masters, p. 174). In the first goal, it is our duty to stay in touch with advancing technology. This advancement allows more efficient and precise diagnostics. We are learningRead MorePersonal and Professional Goals1193 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal and Professional Goals Andreea Pop University Of Phoenix HCS/301 February 07, 2011 Personal and Professional Goals Over the last couple of years I have been contemplating over the direction of my life, and finally decided it is time to assume more control over it. That is way I decided to return to school in order to earn my BSN. This paper will address the decisionsRead MoreSetting And For Achieving Professional Goals1297 Words   |  6 PagesAchieving Professional Goals Goals According to Nelson, â€Å"Goal setting is the process of establishing desired results that guide and direct behavior† (Nelson, 2013, p. 204). Goals contribute in the development of the sense of purpose and mission that is an integral aspect in being a success in the professional world. Priorities, determination and objectives are significant foundations for motivation of employees which can lead to collective accomplishment even in trying times. While these goals can haveRead MoreAcademic and Professional Goals Essays932 Words   |  4 PagesAcademic and Professional Goals Walden’s Vision and Mission According to Walden’s University the mission statement states: â€Å"Walden University provides a diverse community of career professionals with the opportunity to transform themselves as scholar-practitioners so that they can effect positive social change†. (Laureate, 2013) According to Walden’s University the vision statement states: â€Å"Walden University envisions a distinctively different 21st-centuryRead MoreEssay Professional and Personal Goals2159 Words   |  9 Pagestechnologies, staying on top of all these changes in addition to running a business could be challenging. Goals Mission Statement: Live creatively, positively, and as a leader. Being a dedicated decision-maker in business, a helping-hand personally and a confident role-model in my community, setting the example that I would be proud if others wanted to follow. Long-term goals Professional Goal Start my own web consulting firm by 2020, which provides services for all types of businesses, butRead MorePersonal And Professional Goals : Btec Point Average1667 Words   |  7 PagesPersonal and Professional Goals Three-year Goal 1 (Professional): To maintain my place in the Psychology Honours stream with a 5.5 Grade Point Average (GPA) for Level 2 and Level 3 psychology courses plus BEHL 2005 Introductory Research Methods; and an overall GPA of 5 at the end of 2018 (University of South Australia, 2016). This will enable me entry into the Psychology Honours Program in 2019. 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According to (Starzee, 2012) a professional career goal statement allows the candidate an opportunity to provide the employer a synopsis of the value they intend to bring to the organization. Below is a professional goal statement for a Client Relationship Professional: Engaging Client Relations Manager adept at evolving complexRead MorePersonal and Professional Goals.1305 Words   |  6 PagesPERSONAL GOALS AMINA BHAIDANI HCS/301 SEPTEMBER 14,2011 DR HAROLD VAN ALSTYNE PERSONAL GOALS Goal - The terminal point of race. The end toward which effort is directed. AIM. The score resulting from such an act (Webster 1972 ). Personal - Of related to. Belonging to a person ,private , directed to a single person . (Webster 1972 ) therefore personal goal to my understanding is aim of a person himself or herself. Aim of the person. My personal goal I would like to divide intoRead MorePersonal Goals : My Professional Goals1159 Words   |  5 Pages1. A summary of my professional personal goals as well as your motivation for pursuing a degree: My professional goals were never clear until this last year when I started my job with Marion Construction Company as an office manager. I truly feel I have found a career path that I was meant to be in and I want to be the best at it and that is why I feel that getting my masters is so important. I would love to be an HR manager or HR educator in the future and by having my masters in HR that will

Dulce et Decorum Est and Disabled Essay Example For Students

Dulce et Decorum Est and Disabled Essay Both Dulce et Decorum Est and Disabled are poems seemingly intended to allow the reader to perceive the harsh realities of war without themselves becoming corrupted by the evils of warfare. Neither poem attempts to glorify the event of war in the twentieth century, yet both provide such disturbing insights into war that certain comments made in the poems seem to detract from the horrific nature of death and destruction, merely for something each opposing nation believes in. Dulce et Decorum Est is considerably shorter than Disabled, and so I feel that it endeavours to provide the reader with a wealth of vivid images intended to shock. Although not exactly action-packed, due to its length, more must happen in order to drive the message home- the message being that it is not right and proper to die for your country. Disabled, however, is longer, and can therefore rely on not having to include the shock tactics employed in Dulce et Decorum Est. This poem builds up the subtle differences between the soldiers life before and after the war. It uses its extra length to slowly build up pity for the disabled soldier-there is a direct contrast and similarity here between the two poems. Both predominant subject matters fall foul of the rigours of war, yet in Dulce et Decorum Est the subject dies, whilst in Disabled the focus is placed on the effect that the soldiers disability has had on his life, both psychologically as well as physically. Disabled seems to draw out each expression in order to achieve maximum possible sympathy for the victim: He sat in a wheeled chair, waiting for dark, This simple lengthening of words suffices to lengthen the period of time for which the reader feels sympathetic towards the crippled soldier. One interesting way in which both the poems are written is the reaction of both soldiers involved in the case of Dulce et Decorum Est the reaction of both the gassed and protected soldier. In Disabled the soldier offers almost a lackadaisical reasoning towards the loss of his legs, as if he expected it at some point during his time at the front line: In the old times, before he threw away his knees The soldier in question adopts an extremely reflective stance on his disability, as if speaking from the voice of experience. The soldier in Dulce et Decorum Est offers no clue as to length of time he has been fighting in the front line, but appears to be shocked and panicky towards the death of a comrade: In all my dreams before my helpless sight He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning The soldier here provides an insight into what his life was like in the trenches- he could close his eyes to avoid sickening visions, yet they return to haunt him in his sleep, when he cannot help but relive his nightmares-hence the reference to helpless sight-he cannot simply close  his eyes in a dream. Yet even if no reference is made to the period of time spent at the front, it is obvious that both poems use the uniqueness of experience to dissuade the reader from joining the war. Dulce et Decorum Est uses imagery to suggest that the soldiers have experienced great atrocities: Till on the haunting flares we turn our backs This suggests that during the period of time they have spent at the front, even a innocuous sending off of a flare haunts their every move. The very word haunts suggests something of dead spirits present on the battlefield. .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700 , .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700 .postImageUrl , .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700 , .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700:hover , .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700:visited , .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700:active { border:0!important; } .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700:active , .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700 .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9f7c1d8c3bd90b5ffaff72891a939700:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Poetic Facts Of Life EssayDisabled gives the impression of experience through the line: Esprit de corps; and hints for young recruits Both poems then use this experience to reveal the horror to which they have been subjected, but in different ways. Dulce et Decorum Est is set on the battlefield, and seeks to place you at the scene of the choking man in order for you to comprehend what this man was forced to experience for his country, whilst Disabled contemplates on his life after his horrific injuries sustained whilst fighting for his country. Yet that particular quotation also lends one to notice another point which both poems acknowledge- the incredibly young age at which young people voluntarily subscribed to the army. Indeed, both poems offer something of a hypothesis as to why these young men are signing up. Dulce et Decorum Est was first used by Horace- the full line Dulce et Decorum est pro patria mori, roughly translating as how sweet and fitting it is to die for ones country is followed by a line also roughly translated as death pursues the man who runs away. In essence, it is offering each young man the more valiant death by dying for ones own country rather than by any other way. Owen believes that many soldiers are only subscribed for want of desperate glory. In Disabled the maimed recruit subscribed only to please the giddy jilts- this is hardly a reason worthy of the horrific injuries which have scarred the rest of his existence. Both reasons cited by the soldiers are egotistical- personal glory and Owen use s the attempt by the hierarchy of persuading boys of tender age to war by turning the title phrase around in the final stanza of Dulce et Decorum Est: The old Lie: Dulce et decorum est Pro patria mori. The inclusion of the word old implies in my opinion that it is the age-old lies of the war Generals that Owen feels is corrupting tomorrows youth. He attempts to drag the aspects of war so seemingly appealing to the mass of Britains youth through the mud of the battlefield where so many of his comrades have already lost their lives. This derogatory vision of warfare is illustrated in both poems- one could say that both soldiers have been dehumanised as a result of  their experiences upon the battlefield: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ before he threw away his knees This unperturbed approach to the horror of warfare is intended to shock the reader-how can anyone talk in such languid tones about such a disabling event? Owen conveys dangerous messages, in order to show exactly what has become of the men whose boyish appeal for joining the army turned against them. Dulce implies sweet, yet by the end of the poem the reader can see that warfare is anything but sweet. Irony is also used in Disabled- he who has joined up to impress the girls with his masculine kilted legs no longer possesses any legs, and because he joined whilst intoxicated, the control he didnt not possess then over his limbs is permanent, rather than the temporary Both poems employ similar and different techniques, yet in my opinion it is the differences that struck me the most. Both poems dissuaded me from the warfare, but by vastly different methods. The short, stark images presented to me in Dulce et Decorum Est really puts the reader in the middle of the action, building up each vision with alarming clarity, until the final realisation of the true meaning of the title of the poem is revealed. Disableds reflective rhyming verse seemed to reveal more about the personal and mental torture the average soldier was subjected to during his time at the front.

The Change of the US National Security Strategy

During the last fifteen years the National Security Strategy of the United States has undergone several changes. This includes the relationships with foreign governments in terms of economic cooperation, the struggle against terrorism, protection of the environment, eradication of poverty and other important problems.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Change of the US National Security Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Secondly, we need to discuss internal policies, pursued by the state. In this paper, we need to compare the policies of the Obama administration with those ones of Bill Clinton and George Bush. When the Bill Clinton came to power, he faced the task of developing new security policies in the post-Cold War world. The president immediately placed emphasis on international cooperation not only with Western democracies but also with China, Russia and India1. In addition to that, he tried to av oid the use of military force. He was an opponent of pre-emptive wars and military intervention into the affairs of foreign countries2. It should be borne in mind that the Clinton administration was often criticized for such lack of initiative, for instance, in connection with Rwanda genocide. Overall, the Clinton administration relied more on persuasion and negotiation, rather than coercion and militarized diplomacy. In turn, the Bush administration adopted a new form of National Security Strategy. To a large extent, it was shaped by 9/11 terrorists attacks. This new doctrine was based on preventive war and economic sanctions against those countries, which act against the US security interests. Furthermore, the Bush administration took a more conservative approach to relationships with Russia and other countries of former USSR. Finally, we need to say that the Bush Doctrine attached importance to intensified domestic security, namely we should mention the signing of the PATRIOT Act . This National Security Strategy evinced much criticism inside and outside the country. The Obama administration has rejected the approach taken by their predecessors. In her speech at the Brookings Institution the US Secretary of the State Hillary Clinton pointed out no country can cope with global challenges on its own3 and this premise must be the corner stone of the US Security Strategy.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The President Obama believes that more intensive cooperation with China, Russia, and India is not only necessary but beneficial for the United States. This cooperation has to take place at different levels, for example, governmental, entrepreneurial, and educational. The new security strategy rejects the idea of militarized diplomacy. The use military force must the last resort. At the moment, we can speak about several institutional changes, entailed by the new p olicy. First, it sets stress on information-sharing among the intelligence agencies of various countries especially if these countries fight against global terrorism. The thing is that several years ago, intelligence services of various countries seldom cooperated with one another on an international level, even despite the fact that it could minimize many terrorist threats4. Another institutional change is the restructuring of NATO. In her speech, Hillary Clinton argues that NATO as an organization is far too bureaucratic and expensive and its structure has to be simplified. Overall, the new National Security Strategy implies that the United States should occupy a pivotal role in international politics. Yet, this role should be that one of a mediator rather than a commander. Reference List Clinton Hillary. 2010 â€Å"Secretary Clinton Addresses U.S. National Security Strategy  at the Brookings Institution†. Lowenthal, Mark. 2008 Intelligence From Secrets To Policy Fourth E dition. NY: CQ  Press.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Change of the US National Security Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Murdock, Clark. 2004 Improving the practice of national security strategy: a new  approach for the post-Cold War world. New York: CSIS. Sarkesian Sam, Williams John Cimbala Stephen. 2008 US national security:  policymakers, processes, and politics. NY: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Footnotes 1 Sarkesian Sam, Williams John Cimbala Stephen. US national security: policymakers, processes, and politics. P 68 2 Murdock, Clark. Improving the practice of national security strategy: a new approach for the post-Cold War world, p 61 3 Clinton Hillary. 2010 â€Å"Secretary Clinton Addresses U.S. National Security Strategy at the Brookings Institution†. 4 Lowenthal, Mark. 2008 Intelligence From Secrets To Policy Fourth Edition This essay on The Change of the US National Security Strategy was written and submitted by user Damarion U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

IP and OSI Networking Essays

TCP/IP and OSI Networking Essays TCP/IP and OSI Networking Essay TCP/IP and OSI Networking Essay In this essay I intend to analyse why networking software is divided into layers, and to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of such a division. I will then go on to analyse what the main differences between the networking protocols known as OSI and TCP/IP are. I will also attempt to analyse what factors led to their successes and failures respectively in terms of their diffusion into the technology sector. However, before we can discuss this, we must first be sure that we are aware of the meanings of terms such as networks, network architecture, protocols, and distributed networks/systems so I will begin by defining these phrases. Essentially, a network is the connection of two or more computers for the purpose of data communication and resource sharing. the formal definition of a network could be given as a number of interconnected devices capable of communicating and sharing each others resources (Bandyo-padhyway, 2000:157) As can be seen from the above quote, networking offers organisations a wealth of benefits. A network enables an organization to centralize its computer system and allows users to access the facilities of a large computer system via desktop computers. (Bandyo-padhyway, 2000:157) It could be said that network architecture is, in theory, a model for the set-up of a network. To help deal with this complexity, network designers have developed general blueprints usually called a network architecture that guide the design and implementation of networks. (Peterson Davie, 1996:29) Protocols, in the networking sense, could be considered as sets of rules or procedures that control how a message is sent from sender to receiver and all the factors involved in this process. A protocol is a set of rules or conventions which govern the way a message is transmitted from the sender to the receiver passing through a number of steps and via a number of network elements. (Bandyo-padhyway, 2000:178) Finally, a distributed network/system is where the tasks to be to be performed are distributed among a number of small PCs that are coordinated by a larger central computer. (Bandyo-padhyway, 2000:173) Having defined the aforementioned basic technological terms, I can now go on to my analysis of the reasons why networking software is divided into layers. The primary reason is that having separate distinctive layers reduces design complexity. By this, I mean having different layers means certain operations and tasks that must be carried out, can be carried out in a simple and organised order, rather than all at the same time. First, it decomposes the problem of building a network into more manageable components. (Peterson Davie, 1996:30) Layering allows for changes to be made at a specific layer, as a result of new ideas/innovation, and will not disrupt the software at other levels. Second, it provides a more modular design. If you decide that you want to add some new service, you may only need to modify the functionality at one layer, re-using the functions provided at all the other layers. (Peterson Davie, 1996:30) This means that it accommodates incremental changes more readily. (www. cs. wpi. edu/~rek/Undergrad_Nets/B03/HTTP_DNS. pdf) Another advantage of layering is that details of how the lower level services are implemented are shielded from the higher levels, allowing the higher levels to function more efficiently. This can be seen, from a more technological point of view, in the following quote. Many times there are multiple abstractions provided at any given level of the system, each providing a different service to the higher layers but building on the same low-level abstractions. (Peterson Davie, 1996:30) A final advantage of layering is that as a result of the different types of layers, making it so different types of translations can take place; different types of hardware are enabled to communicate. Having looked at the advantages of layering, I will now spend some time discussing its disadvantages. Some functions (like FDDI station management) really need to access and operate at multiple layers. (courses. cs. vt. edu/~cs5516/spring03/ slides/introduction_6. pdf) As the above quote displays, one disadvantage is since the software is split up into layers, functions will operate at one level at a time, where as some functions have the necessity to operate at several layers. Poorly conceived layers can lead to awkward and complex interfaces. (courses. cs. vt. edu/~cs5516/spring03/ slides/introduction_6. pdf) This quote shows us that unless a large amount of thought and work goes into each individual layer, then a very bad and hard-to-use interface can be the end-result. Another disadvantage is if new design for a layer is done, an old layer may become inappropriate or unsuitable given the properties of the new layer. (courses. cs. vt. edu/~cs5516/spring03/ slides/introduction_6. pdf) A final disadvantage of layering is something known as information hiding, this may take place and this can lead to inefficient implementations. (www-inst. eecs. berkeley. edu/~cs268/ sp03/notes/Lecture2. pdf) I have discussed why networking software is divided into layers as well as evaluating both the advantages and disadvantages of layering. I now intend to introduce the first of the aforementioned protocols Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), before then introducing the second. A number of different types of distributed systems were being developed in the 1970s and as a result, a range of standards had to be introduced. (Halsall, 1996:11) An organisation called the International Standards Organizaton (ISO) created the ISO Reference Model for OSI. The ISO was a body founded in 1945 to coordinate international standards for a wide range of industries. (The Internet in the Arena of International Standards) Below is a diagram of the OSI protocol, taken from Peterson and Davie. As can be seen, the OSI protocol has seven layers. The application layer provides the user interface to a range of networkwide distributed information services. The presentation layer is associated with the representation of data during transfer between two communicating application processes. The session layers job is to set up a communication channel between two communicating application layer protocol entities during a network transaction. The network layer is responsible for establishing a networkwide connection between two transport layer protocol entities. The link layers job is to build on the physical connection provided by the network to provide the network layer with a reliable information transfer facility. Finally, the physical layer is associated with the physical and electrical interfaces between the user equipment and the network terminating equipment. (Halsall, 1996:16, 17, 18) I will now introduce the second networking protocol so that we have a good understanding of them both, before analysing their differences. The second protocol is called Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). TCP/IP was developed by the US Department of Defence (DOD) research project to connect a number of different networks designed by different vendors into a network of networks. (www. yale. edu/pclt/COMM/TCPIP. HTM) The idea behind the DODs thinking was that in the Cold War, if the right designated place was bombed successfully, then the whole countries network communication facilities would become inoperable. This was obviously be a bad thing and so the DOD wanted to develop a standard that would connect all the networks together to prevent this from happening. Below is the model of the TCP/IP protocol, taken from (www-staff. t. uts. edu. au/~sean/DSP. dir/dsp00s. dir/lect1. dir/sld014. htm) As can be seen, the TCP/IP protocol has only four layers. The application layer handles high level protocols. The transport layer deals with quality-of-service issues. The internet layer determines the path to forward packets of data. The network layer is concerned with all of the issues that an IP packet requires to make a physical link. (www-staff. it. uts. edu. au/~sean/DSP. dir/dsp00s. dir/lect1. dir/sld014. htm) Now that I have briefly introduced both of the protocols, I will now move on to my analysis of their main differences. A difference between the two protocols in terms of their establishers is that OSI was orally established by Telcos, a telecommunications company and had a large connected emphasis linked to it. TCP/IP came more from a computing background with a large connectionless emphasis associated with it. Another difference that should be noted is that the two models have opposing approaches. The OSI model has a top-down approach meaning the processes that take place within the layers start at the top of the model and work their way down to the bottom. The TCP/IP model has a bottom-up approach meaning the processes taking place within the layers begin at the bottom of the model and move upwards. As can be seen from the models, the visible difference is the number of layers present within each. The OSI protocol has application, presentation, session, transport, network, data link, and physical layers. Where as the TCP/IP protocol has only application, transport, internet and network layers. Even though some of the layers have different names, they essentially do the same thing. However, the presentation and session layers that are in the OSI model are not present in the TCP/IP model. This makes the two protocols technologically different. First there were the technical differences, chief among them that OSI had a more complicated and compartmentalised design. (Lyon Hafner, 2003:246) The above quote points out how the OSI design was considered to be very large and complex where as the TCP/IP design was far more simplistic and smaller. On the OSI side stood an entrenched bureaucracy, with a strong we-know best attitude, patronizing and occasionally contemptuous. There was a certain attitude among certain parts of the OSI community whose message was, Time to toll up your toy academic network,' recalled one ardent TCP/IP devotee (Lyon Hafner, 2003:247) We can see from the above quote that OSI was regarded as a potential official standard with a considerable amount of bureaucratic support, as opposed to TCP/IP, which was seen by some as a toy network for the academic world only, and would never have any real chance of becoming an official standard networking protocol. The reason being was that the OSI was created by the ISO, and the ISO had long been responsible for creating international standards for a variety of industries, as the following quote displays. Since the 1940s, ISO had specified worldwide standards for things ranging from wine-tasting glasses to credit cards to photographic film to computers. (Lyon Hafner, 2003:246) As a result of this official standardization reputation that ISO had created for themselves, OSI was backed by several governments, led by Europe, and was thought to be meeting the needs of the whole world. Another difference between TCP/IP and OSI, was that TCP/IP had actually been implemented where as the only thing OSI had to offer was the design model for the protocol, as the following quote shows. And it was a design, never tried. As far as the Internet crowd was concerned, they had actually implemented TCP/IP several times over, whereas the OSI model had never been put to the test of daily use, and trial and error. (Lyon Hafner, 2003:247) An extremely large difference between the two protocols is in relation to their impacts on the networking world respectively. OSI failed to become to the official international networking standard that it was predicted to be. TCP/IP, contrary to what many had anticipated, was a huge success within the networking protocol world and is used across the world today. However, one must ask, what factors led to this outcome? One factor was that one key TCP/IP developer, Bill Joy, decided that TCP/IP when bought was to come with free networking software, which was based on Unix. As can be imagined, the fact that one received free Unix networking software when buying TCP/IP with no extra charge dramatically helped push TCP/IP further than OSI. The first Sun machines were shipped with the Berkeley version of Unix, complete with TCP/IP. Berkeley Unix with TCP/IP would be crucial to the growth of the Internet. When Sun included network software as part of every machine it sold and didnt charge separately for it, networking exploded. (Lyon Hafner, 2003:250) To clarify, Sun was the name of the computer company that Joy joined as the Unix expert. Another factor that led to TCP/IPs success was the fact that ARPANET decided to switch over to it on January 1, 1983. ARPANET was the resulting internetwork developed when computer networks associated with a large number of universities and other research establishments were linked and it was in large usage. (Halsall, 1996:19) As a result, TCP/IP was pushed even further ahead when ARPANET switched its protocols from Network Control Protocol to TCP/IP as this meant only machines running the new protocols could communicate over the network. Lyon Hafner, 2003:248) Dennis Jennings tells us of a factor that largely contributed to the failure of OSI when it was announced by the manager of a company called ICL at a review meeting that the output of the OSI research would not be in the interests of ICL. The Commission then told ICL that they could do what ever they like. This meant that where would be no available implementation opportunities for OSI once the research had been completed, and Jennings feels that this made it so that OSI had absolutely no chance of success. So what ever the merits of having a set of open OSI protocols, it was a serious attempt to provide an available solution, and the Commission allowed the project to throw it away. OSI died at that meeting. Without available implementations, it had no hope. (Randall, 1997:218) Another thing worth saying is that because the Internet boomed and became increasingly popular, and TCP/IPs design had a layer devoted to the Internet, TCP/IPs popularity was again increased further as a result of the Internets rapid growth. One could argue that OSI, being a protocol that did not include a layer for the Internet in its design, was over-run by the Internets growth. A final factor I would like to mention is the belief that a main reason OSI was not a success was because it got too preoccupied with the standards process and attempting to approve too many that it became caught up with them. It is seen by some that this caused it to fail as it distracted OSI from the one single standard that it was supposed to produce, the following quote shows this. But ISOs plan to make the OSI protocols a single standard for all computer users was defeated by ISOs own practice of approving multiple standards. (International Standards). To conclude, the concept of layering within networking software is in usage as it provides many advantages in terms of the softwares performance itself. Although, it does also pose some disadvantages, I feel they are small in number are not strong enough to outweigh the advantages. My analysis of the two networking protocols, OSI and TCP/IP, shows their main differences in terms of technical as well as social factors. I have also discussed the two differing impacts the protocols had in the world of networking and have attempted to explain why by looking at important factors associated with their diffusions. From my analysis, one can see that OSI was mostly a failure, as opposed to TCP/IP which won the protocols war and is in large international usage today.

Scott Kelly, Astronaut Who Spent a Year in Space

Scott Kelly, Astronaut Who Spent a Year in Space On March 2017, Scott Kelly, astronaut, blasted off to the International Space Station (ISS) on his fourth flight to orbit. He spent a year aboard, racking up a record total of 520 days in space over his career. It was both a scientific and personal achievement, and his time on orbit continues to help scientists understand the effects of microgravity on the human body. Fast Facts: Scott Kelly Born: February 21, 1964 in Orange, New JerseyParents: John and Patricia KellySpouses: Leslie Yandell (m. 1992-2009) and Amiko Kauderer (July 2018-present)Children: Charlotte and Samantha (with Yandell)Education: United States Merchant Marine Academy, University of Tennessee (MS)Published Works: Endurance: A Year in Space, My Journey to the Stars, and Infinite Wonder: An Astronauts Photographs From a Year in SpaceAccomplishments: Spent a year in space as part of the Twins Study of long-term effects of microgravity on humans Early Life Astronaut Scott Joseph Kelly and his identical twin brother Mark (who also served as an astronaut) were born on February 21, 1964, to Patricia and Richard Kelly. Their father was a police officer in Orange, New Jersey. The twins went to school at nearby Mountain High, graduating in 1982. During high school, Scott trained and worked as an emergency medical technician. From there, Scott went to college at the University of Maryland in Baltimore. In his memoir Endurance: My Year in Space, a Lifetime of Discovery, Kelly wrote that his early college years were difficult, and he lacked direction in his studies. By his own admission, his high school grades were bad and his SAT test scores werent impressive. He wasnt sure what to do with himself. Then, he picked up a copy of Tom Wolfes The Right Stuff and the words he read impressed him deeply. I felt like I had found my calling, he wrote about that time in his life. I wanted to be a naval aviator...The Right Stuff had given me the outline of a life plan. To pursue that plan, Scott transferred to the New York Maritime Academy, where his twin brother Mark was already attending college. He graduated in 1987 with a degree in electrical engineering and went on to earn a masters degree in Aviation Systems from the University of Tennessee. As a commissioned officer in the U.S. Navy, Kelly attended flight school in Pensacola, Florida, and later flew jets at various duty stations. In 1993, he attended Naval Test Pilot School at Patuxent in Virginia, and over the course of his career amassed more than 8,000 hours of flying time in dozens of different aircraft in both land and carrier landings. Astronauts Scott Kelly (right) and Mark Kelly (left) in an interview about their work with the Twins Study and as astronauts. NASA   NASA and Dreams of Flight for Astronaut Kelly Scott Kelly and his brother Mark both applied to become astronauts and were accepted in 1996. Scott was trained in caution and warning systems for the ISS. His first flight was aboard space shuttle Discovery on STS 103, a Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission. His next assignment took him to Star City, Russia, where he served as Director of Operations there for joint Russian-American flights. He also served as backup for crew members on several ISS missions. Due to the Columbia accident in 2002 (for which he flew search and recovery operations), flights were postponed until NASA could investigate the causes of the tragedy. Scott next worked as the Astronaut Office Space Station Branch Chief in Houston before doing a stint on the NEEMO 4 mission. That underwater training laboratory in Florida was developed to study the similarities between living in space and underwater for long periods of time in enclosed quarters under simulated space conditions. Kellys next two flights were to the International Space Station for STS-118, and Expeditions 25 and 26, where he worked for several months. He participated in installing instruments for the station, as well as a variety of science experiments. Astronaut Scott Kelly in the cupola section of the international Space Station. NASA Scott Kelly and the Astronaut Twins Experiment The final mission for Scott Kelly was part of the famous Twins Study. For that, he spent nearly a year in microgravity while his brother Mark, who is now a retired astronaut, stayed on Earth. Scientists devised the experiment to study the effects of prolonged microgravity on Scott, and compare changes in the two over the course of the mission and beyond. The study also provided valuable information about how astronauts living and working in space on long-term voyages to the Moon and Mars can be affected. The mission began for him on March 27, 2015, when he blasted off from Earth with Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Korniyenko. Kelly was on for two missions and was commander for the second one. He returned to Earth on March 11, 2016. In addition to the Twins Study, Mark worked with Russian colleagues aboard the station and was commander for the mission during part of his stay. He traveled to and from the station aboard a Russian rocket and capsule. Among other activities, Kelly performed an extravehicular activity with fellow astronaut Timothy Kopra to repair a mobile transporter aboard the station. He also did an EVA with Kjell Lindgren to service several parts of the station, including the Canadarm 2 and installation of docking equipment for future missions by SpaceX and NASA crew vehicles. Scott Kellys personal living quarters aboard the International Space Station were quite small and include a sleeping and personal work area.   NASA The ongoing research into changes in both men has uncovered some significant effects of space flight. During his time in on orbit, Scott grew two inches in height due to weaker gravitational pull on his skeleton. Upon return to Earth, his skeletal structure returned to nearly the same as it was before the mission. Genetically, the men remain the same, but scientists noted some ways that his bodys gene expression had changed. This is not the same as his actual genes changing, but has more to do with how they prepare the body to respond to changes in the environment. In addition, Scott participated in research to help doctors understand why astronaut eyesight can change drastically over time in space. He, like many other astronauts, noted a distinct change in mental viewpoint and also how personal relationships are affected by lengthy stays in space. Kelly noted that one unique aspect of the mission was that time on the station flowed at a slightly different rate than it did for his brother on Earth. It made him slightly younger than Mark and medical scientists are still assessing the effects of his trip on his body. He wrote that his part as a scientific lab rat never ends. I will continue to be a test subject for the rest of my life, he wrote. I will continue to participate in the Twins Study as Mark and I age...for me, its worth it to have contributed to advancing human knowledge, even if its only a step on a much longer journey. Personal Life Scott Kelly married his first wife, Leslie Yandell in 1992 and they had two daughters, Samantha and Charlotte. The couple divorced in 2009. Kelly married his second wife, Amiko Kauderer, in 2018. Scott Kelly retired from NASA in 2016 and has worked with the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs since that time. The memoirs of his time in space were published in 2017, and he spends time giving public talks about space and space travel. Ive been traveling the country and the world talking about my experiences in space, he wrote. Its gratifying to see how curious people are about my mission, how much children instinctively feel the excitement and wonder of spaceflight, and how many people think, as I do, that Mars is the next step. Honors and Awards Scott Kelly received many medals and much recognition for his work, among them the Legion of Merit, the Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal, the NASA Distinguished Service Medal, and the Medal for Merit in Space Exploration from the Russian Federation. He is a member of the Association of Space Explorers and was one of Time Magazines Influential 100 in 2015. Sources Kelly, Scott, and Margaret Lazarus Dean. Endurance: My Year in Space, a Lifetime of Discovery. Vintage Books, a Division of Penguin Random House, LLC, 2018.Mars, Kelli. â€Å"Twins Study.† NASA, NASA, 14 Apr. 2015, www.nasa.gov/twins-study.Mars, Kelli. â€Å"NASA Twins Study Confirms Changes to Mark Kellys Genes.† NASA, NASA, 31 Jan. 2018, www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-twins-study-confirms-preliminary-findings.Northon, Karen. â€Å"NASA Astronaut Scott Kelly Safely Back on Earth after One-Year Mission.† NASA, NASA, 2 Mar. 2016, www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-astronaut-scott-kelly-returns-safely-to-earth-after-one-year-mission.â€Å"Scott Kelly.† Scott Kelly, www.scottkelly.com/.

Effects of Globalization on Loogistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Effects of Globalization on Loogistics - Essay Example The main setting of this paper is to highlight the impact of globalization on the current economic environment, with specific focus on the logistics and transport sectors. Nonetheless, the paper bases its argument on the fact that the process of globalization is undoubtedly transforming the logistical strategies employed by service and products providers. Globalization combines various actions and trends, which makes the impact of this process not only complex but also revolutionary. According to the discussion findings the subsequent shift to the global business is driven by the desire to access lower labour costs, despite the exposures such as regulatory shifts and high transportation costs subjected to the organizations. With the onset of global business, revolution, many organizations sell to more consumers in wider geographic locations, hence raising the complexity of the processes required to satisfy each market segment. The wider global customer base presents a myriad of challenges for companies that are accustomed to the provision of standard logistic solutions to a smaller regional-based market. In the global field, nonetheless, customers demand not only for the high and perfect reliability of the delivery but also the customization and subsequent solutions to their problems. The above demands explain the complexities that obligate the organizations to adopt diverse and modern logistical solutions that would enable them to retain the customer base.